Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-24T03:54:08.578Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Capital accumulation and work in China’s internet content industry: Struggling in the bubble

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

Bingqing Xia*
Affiliation:
East China Normal University, China
*
Bingqing Xia, School of Communication, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, China. Email: yummexia@163.com

Abstract

Since 2015, Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent (the so-called BAT) have constructed an empire in the Chinese Internet content industry via mergers and acquisitions. However, little is known about how professional Internet workers are experiencing this process of accumulation and consolidation. This article focuses on how social relations are reconfigured and subsumed in the capital accumulation process in the realm of the Internet content industry, using the Chinese case. It argues that fresh graduates are subsumed into the accumulation process as immaterial resources in the circulation of capital. It also offers a general critique of the capital accumulation process, as it shifts risks and costs of failure on to independent start-ups entering the industry.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baidu (2016) Annual Report 2015. Washington, DC: United States Securities and Exchange Commission Form 20-F. Available at: http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/18/188488/reports/Baidu%202015%2020-F.PDF (accessed 9 October 2018).Google Scholar
Barbrook, R (2005[1998]) The high-tech gift economy. First Monday special issue #3: internet banking, e-money, and internet gift economies. Available at http://uncommonculture.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/631/552 (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Beijing Review (2016) Is Didi’s dominance equal to a monopoly? Beijing Review. Available at: http://www.bjreview.com/Opinion/201610/t20161017_800069482.html (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Borak, M (2018) How Meituan Dianping became China’s super-platform for services. Technode. Available at: https://technode.com/2018/06/27/how-meituan-dianping-became-chinas-super-platform-for-services/ (accessed 9 October 2018).Google Scholar
Carsten, D (2015) China online travel firm Ctrip in tie-up with rival Qunar. Reuters Technology News. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ctrip-com-intl-qunar/china-online-travel-firm-ctrip-in-tie-up-with-rival-qunar-idUSKCN0SK15J20151026 (accessed 9 October 2018).Google Scholar
Chan, J (2013) A suicide survivor: the life of a Chinese worker. New Technology, Work and Employment 28(2): 84100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crunchbase (2018) Available at: https://www.crunchbase.com/ (accessed 9 October 2018).Google Scholar
Dean, D, DiGrande, S, Field, D, et al . (2012) The Internet Economy in the G-20: The $4.2 Trillion Growth Opportunity. Boston, MA: Paper in the Connected World Series, Boston Consulting Group. Available at: https://www.bcg.com/documents/file100409.pdf (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Foster, JB (2007) The financialization of capitalism. Monthly Review 58(11): 112.Google Scholar
Foster, JB, Magdoff, F (2009) The Great Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Fuchs, C (2016) Reading Marx in the Information Age: A Media and Communication Studies Perspective on ‘Capital Volume 1’. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gill, R (2002) Cool, creative and egalitarian? Exploring gender in project-based new media work in Europe. Information, Communication and Society 5(1): 7089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, L (2016) Can video game piracy be stopped in two years? CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/14/can-video-game-piracy-be-stopped-in-two-years.html (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Harvey, D (1990) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Culktural Change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Harvey, D (2006) Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Harvey, D (2011) The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hills, M (2002) Fan Cultures. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hong, Y (2017) Networking China: The Digital Transformation of the Chinese Economy. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornby, L (2015) Alibaba and Tencent taxi-hailing apps to merge. Financial Times. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/b5339c66-b4c9–11e4-b2b0–00144feab7de (accessed 9 October 2018).Google Scholar
Jenkins, H (2008) Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, H (2012) Net Work: Ethics and Values in Web Design. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lian, S (ed.) (2009) Ant Tribe: A Record of Inhabited Village of University Graduates. Guangxi: Guangxi Normal University Publishing House.Google Scholar
McChesney, RW (2013) Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism Is Turning the Internet against Democracy. London: The New Press.Google Scholar
Milberg, W, Winkler, D (2013) Outsourcing Economics Global Value Chains in Capitalist Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (2018) 2017nian quanguo jiaoyu shiye fazhan tongji gongbao. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/sjzl_fztjgb/201807/t20180719_343508.html (accessed 11 October 2018).Google Scholar
Mozur, P, De La Merced, M (2016) Alibaba financial affiliate raises $4.5 billion. The New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/27/business/dealbook/jack-ma-alibaba-alipay-ant-financial.html?_r=1 (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Nixon, B (2016) The old media business in the new: ‘the googlization of everything’ as the capitalization of digital consumption. Media, Culture and Society 38(2): 212232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pun, N, Shen, Y, Guo, Y, et al . (2016) Apple, Foxconn, and Chinese workers’ struggles from a global labor perspective. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 17(2): 166185.Google Scholar
Qiu, L (2014) Goodbye iSlave: Foxconn, digital capitalism, and networked labor resistance. Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology 34(4): 119137.Google Scholar
Rifkin, J (2014) The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Ross, A (2007) Fast Boat to China: High-Tech Outsourcing and the Consequences of Free Trade: Lessons from Shanghai. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Schiller, D (2005) Pole of market growth? Open questions about China, information and the world economy. Global Media and Communication 1(1): 79103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiller, D (2014) Digital Depression: Information, Technology, and Economic Crisis. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuman, M (2016) Venture communism: how China is building a start-up boom. The New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/business/international/venture-communism-how-china-is-building-a-start-up-boom.html?_ga=2.185311659.30895915.1534330842–220923086.1428931015 (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Sobel, YY (2015) Non-reportable domestic megamergers in China’s red-hot internet industry. The Antitrust Source. Available at: https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/antitrust_source/oct15_sobel_10_19f.authcheckdam.pdf (accessed 9 October 2018).Google Scholar
Soon-do, H (2017) China has more than 700 million internet users. Asia Today and Huffington Post. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/asiatoday/china-has-more-than-700-m_b_11328978.html (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
State Council of the People’s Republic of China (2016) Mass entrepreneurship and innovation as new growth engine. Available at: http://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2016/03/03/content_281475300571752.htm (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Sundararajan, A (2016) The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise of Crowd-based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sweeney, P (2015) Beijing promotes low-paid college grads to startup CEOs. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-entrepreneurs/beijing-promotes-low-paid-college-grads-to-startup-ceos-idUSKCN0SC01L20151019 (accessed 11 October 2018).Google Scholar
Terranova, T (2004) Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
The Guardian (2016) China’s credit binge increases risk of banking crisis, says watchdog. Australian Edition. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/sep/18/central-bankers-group-bis-stark-warning-world-economy (accessed 9 October 2018).Google Scholar
Tse, E (2016) The rise of entrepreneurship in China. Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tseedward/2016/04/05/the-rise-of-entrepreneurship-in-china/#7902cd093efc (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Wang, Q (2015) Ant Tribe: between dreams and reality. Available at: https://gbtimes.com/ant-tribe-between-dreams-and-reality (accessed 11 October 2018).Google Scholar
Wittel, A (2014) Digital labour: the internet as playground and factory. Information, Communication and Society 17(7): 906907.Google Scholar
Wu, X (2017) Higher education, elite formation and social stratification in contemporary China: preliminary findings from the Beijing college students panel survey. Chinese Journal of Sociology 3(1): 331.Google Scholar
Xia, B (2014) Digital labour in Chinese internet industries. Communication, Capitalism & Critique 12(2): 668693.Google Scholar
Xia, B, Kennedy, H (2014) The role of Chinese internet industry workers in creating alternative online spaces. In: Herold, D, Marolt, P (eds) Online China: Locating Society in Online Spaces. New York: Routledge, pp. 161179.Google Scholar
Xinhua (2016a) China sees rising new business registration. China Daily. Available at: https://www.chinadailyasia.com/business/2016–07/24/content_15467533.html (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Xinhua (2016b) China’s state council to issue guidelines to promote venture capital. Global Times. Available at: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1004282.shtml (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar
Yap, S (2016) China: Meituan-Dianping acquires third-party payment firm Qiandai. Deal Street Asia. Available at: https://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/chinameituan-dianping-acquires-third-party-payment-firm-qiandai-54253/ (accessed 15 August 2018).Google Scholar