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God's pronouns

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2024

Nicholas Adams*
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Abstract

The Church of England is currently debating what pronouns to use of God in liturgy. Opinions are strongly established on various sides. This article aims to slow the pace at which strong judgements are arrived at, through four sets of arguments. First, the distinctiveness of English compared with some other European languages and the danger of allowing the contingencies of English pronoun use to dominate the possible meanings of scripture. Second (drawing on the work of Janet Martin Soskice), the complexity of the figure of the fatherhood of God. Third, the significance of German philosophy of language in relation to negative theology and the particular ways in which the inadequacy of language about God has theological consequences. Fourth, a more philosophical discussion of the ways in which what is necessary or possible in one language cannot adequately be conveyed, as necessary or merely possible, in translation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

1 See, for example, Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey, and Svartvik, Jan, Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman, 1985), pp. 335, 375Google Scholar; Kremer, Marion, Person, Reference and Gender in Translation. A Constrastive Investigation of English and German (Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1997), pp. 31–2Google Scholar; and many since.

2 Bruce Metzger, ‘NRSV: To the Reader’, archived at http://www.ncccusa.org/newbtu/reader.html

3 For the distinction between dynamic and formal equivalence, see Roberts, J. H., ‘Dynamic Equivalence in Bible Translation’, Neotestamentica 8 (1974), pp. 720Google Scholar.

4 ‘Version Information: From the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA’, New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition; https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-Revised-Standard-Version-Updated-Edition-NRSVue-Bible/

5 Cf. Mills, Sara, ‘Minding your Language: Implementing Gender-Free Language Policies’, Critical Survey 4/2 (1992), pp. 183–90Google Scholar; https://www.jstor.org/stable/41555650

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8 UK Government, ‘Review of gender identity data harmonised standard’; https://analysisfunction.civilservice.gov.uk/policy-store/review-of-gender-identity-data-harmonised-standard/

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11 Ricoeur, Paul, ‘Fatherhood: From Phantasm to Symbol’, in Paul Ricoeur (ed.), The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics, trans. Ihde, D. (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1974), pp. 481–2Google Scholar.

12 Soskice, Janet Martin, ‘Calling God “Father”’, in Janet Martin Soskice (ed.), The Kindness of God: Metaphor, Gender, and Religious Language (Oxford: OUP, 2008), p. 68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Ibid., p. 75. For details on the counting, on which there seems to be some variation, see Hamerton-Kelly, Robert, ‘God the Father in the Bible and in the Experience of Jesus: The State of the Question’, in Johann Baptist Metz, Edward Schillebeeckx, and Marcus Lefébure (eds), God as Father? (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1981), p. 98Google Scholar; Kysar, Robert, John, the Maverick Gospel (Louisville, KY: Presbyterian Publishing Corporation, 2007), p. 8Google Scholar.

14 Ricoeur, ‘Fatherhood’, p. 486.

15 Soskice, ‘Calling God “Father”’, p. 76.

16 Ibid., pp. 71–2.

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21 Cf. Turner, Denys, The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism (Cambridge: CUP, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Ticciati, Susannah, A New Apophaticism: Augustine and the Redemption of Signs (Leiden: Brill, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Bowie, Andrew, German Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: OUP, 2010), pp. 2131CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Ibid., pp. 22–3.

24 Ibid., pp. 23–4.

25 See Ticciati, A New Apophaticism.

26 I am grateful to Jon Morgan for advice on Hebrew grammar. Any errors are my own.

27 See William Chomsky, ‘How the Study of Hebrew Grammar Began and Developed’, The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series 35/3 (1945), pp. 281–301; Skoss, Solomon, ‘Saadia Gaon, the Earliest Hebrew Grammarian’, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 23 (1954), pp. 5973CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

28 There is one significant exception: in Greek, neuter plural nouns take a singular verb.

29 Holmstedt, Robert, ‘Issues in the Linguistic Analysis of a Dead Language, with Particular Reference to Ancient Hebrew’, The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 6 (2006), pp. 9Google Scholar, 13; https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2006.v6.a11