The second of the seven sacraments of the medieval church, confirmation, consisted of anointing with oil and signing with the sign of the cross, and was restricted to the episcopacy. The Reformers rejected this sacramental confirmation, on the grounds that in this form there was no scriptural warrant for it, nor was there any gospel promise attached to it. Likewise they were opposed to a rite that by its restriction to the episcopacy had come to be known as ‘the bishoping’.