Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T13:26:54.466Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Collecting Standards: Teaching Botanical Skills in Sweden, 1850–1950

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2011

Jenny Beckman
Jenny Beckman*
Affiliation:
Department of History of Science and Ideas, Uppsala University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Argument

Standards of botanical practice in Sweden between 1850 and 1950 were set, not only in schools and universities, but also in naturalist societies and botanical exchange clubs, and were articulated in handbooks and manuals produced for schoolboys. These standards were maintained among volunteer naturalists in the environmental movement in the 1970s, long after the decline and disappearance of collecting from the curriculum. School science provides a link between the laboratory, the classroom, and the norms and practices of everyday life: between the various “insides” and “outsides” of educational and research settings.

Type
Research Article
Information
Science in Context , Volume 24 , Issue 2: Lay Participation in the History of Scientific Observation , June 2011 , pp. 239 - 258
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Adlerz, Ernst. 1912. “Om växtinsamlingens betydelse för ungdomen vid de allmänna läroverken” [On the importance of plant collecting for young people in secondary schools]. Pedagogisk tidskrift [Journal of Pedagogy] 48:466–477.Google Scholar
Åkerlund, Erik. 1952. Växternas värld. Studieplan [The world of plants. Study plan]. Stockholm: Ehlins.Google Scholar
Alberti, Samuel J. M. M. 2000. “Field, Lab and Museum: The Practice and Place of Life Science in Yorkshire, 1870–1904.” Ph.D. diss., University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Allen, David E. 1959. “The History of the Vasculum.” Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles 3:135–50.Google Scholar
Allen, David E. 1965–67a. “Some Further Light on the History of the Vasculum.” Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles 6:105–09.Google Scholar
Allen, David E. 1965–67b. “H. C. Watson and the Origin of Exchange Clubs.” Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles 6:110–12.Google Scholar
Allen, David E. 1976. The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Allen, David E. 1986. The Botanists: A History of the Botanical Society of the British Isles through a Hundred and Fifty Years. Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies.Google Scholar
Allen, David E. 2003. “George Bentham's Handbook of the British flora: From Controversy to Cult.” Archives of Natural History 30:224–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, Lars Gabriel. 1920–21. Min egen botanik [My own botany]. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt and Söner.Google Scholar
Andersson, Nils Johan. 1859–61. Inledning till botaniken: I enlighet med undervisningsplanen i nu gällande stadga för elementarläroverken [Introdution to botany. In accordance with the curriculum in the current statutes for secondary schools]. Stockholm: Hæggström.Google Scholar
Anvisning att för folkskolorna insamla och anordna föremål ur växtriket [Instructions for elementary schools on collecting and arranging objects from the plant kingdom]. 1871. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt and Söner.Google Scholar
Areschoug, John. 1860–63. Lärobok i botanik till bruk vid den högre elementarundervisningen och till ledning vid akademiska föreläsningar [Botany textbook to be used in advanced secondary education and academic lectures]. Stockholm: Bonnier.Google Scholar
Arnell, Hampus Wilhelm. 1896. Handledning vid växtinsamling för den studerande ungdomen vid Gefle Högre allmänna läroverk [Manual for collecting plants for the students of Gefle Advanced Secondary School]. Gefle: O. Serrander.Google Scholar
Åse, Lars-Erik. 1965. Fältbiologi för ungdom [Field biology for young people]. Stockholm: Åke Nyblom and Boktryckeri AB.Google Scholar
Åstrand, Sigurd. 1976. Reallinjens uppkomst och utveckling fram till 1878 [The origin and development of the science program in secondary schools]. Uppsala: Föreningen för svensk undervisningshistoria.Google Scholar
Beckman, Jenny. 2004. “Nature's Palace: Constructing the Swedish Museum of Natural History.” History of Science 42:85–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckman, Jenny. 2005. “The Swedish Museum of Natural History and the ‘Linnaean Tradition.’” In From Private to Public: Natural Collections and Museums, edited by Beretta, Marco, 155–170. Sagamore Beach MA: Science History Publications.Google Scholar
Beckman, Jenny. 2007. “Le projet Linné: Mobiliser et organiser les botanistes amateurs en Suède, 1972–1986.” In Des sciences citoyennes: La question de l'amateur dans les sciences naturalists, edited by Charvolin, Florian, Micoud, André, and Nyhart, Lynn K., 167–182. La Tour d'Aigues: Editions de l'Aube.Google Scholar
Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette. 2006. “Textbooks on the Map of Science Studies.” Science and Education 15:667–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergqvist, Bengt J:son. 1906. Undervisningsplan för realskolan med flera författningar rörande rikets allmänna läroverk jämt överstyrelsens circular [Curriculum for lower secondary schools including statutes on secondary schools and School Board circulars], edited by Bengt J:son Bergqvist. Stockholm: P. A. Nordstedt and Söner.Google Scholar
Bertomeu-Sánchez, José Ramón, García-Belmar, Antonio, Lundgren, Anders and Patiniotis, Manolis. 2006. “Introduction: Scientific and Technological Textbooks in the European Periphery.” Science and Education 15:657–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolin, Lorentz. 1943. Strövtåg i skog och mark bland växter och djur. Handledning vid ungdomens studieutflykter [Rambles in woods and fields among plants and animals. Manual for excursions with young people], second edition, revised by Lorentz Bolin in collaboration with Nils Dahlbeck. Falun: J. U. F:s förlag, Falu-Kurirens Tr.Google Scholar
Bolin, Lorentz. 1953. Hembygdens växter. Studieplan [Local plants. Study plan]. Stockholm: Tryckeriet Varia.Google Scholar
Bolin, Lorentz. 1965. Hembygdens växter med handledning i växtbestämning [Local plants with a manual for plant identification]. Linköping: Stålhammar/Zetterqvist Boktryckeri AB.Google Scholar
Broberg, Gunnar. 1990–91. “Fruntimmersbotaniken: Notiser om kvinnor och växtkunskap” [Women's botany: Observations of women and plant science]. Svenska Linnésällskapets Årsskrift [Yearbook of the Swedish Linné Society], 1990–91, 177–231.Google Scholar
C. J. och C. Hartmans Handbok i Skandinaviens flora, innefattande Sveriges, Norges, Finlands och Danmarks ormbunkar och fanerogamer [C. J. and C. Hartman's Handbook of the flora of Scandinavia, containing the ferns and fanerogams of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark]. 1889. Twelth edition, edited by Thorgny, O. B. N. Krok. Stockholm: Kindberg.Google Scholar
Een, Gillis. 2005. Oral communication with Jenny Beckman.Google Scholar
Falck, Alfred. 1869. “Preface.” In Anvisning till växternas insamling, preparering och undersökning med särskildt afseende på kryptogramerna. Jemte ett bihang om mikroskopet [Instructions on collecting, preparing, and examining plants, with particular consideration of cryptogams. With an appendix on the microscope] by Johann Nave; translated by Falck, Alfred. Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggströms Förlag.Google Scholar
Falck, Alfred. 1870. “De botaniska föreningarne i Sverige: Ett historiskt utkast” [Botanical societies in Sweden: A historical sketch]. Botanisk Tidsskrift [Journal of botany] 4:177–226.Google Scholar
Florin, Christina and Johansson, Ulla. 1993. “Där de härliga lagrarna gro. . .”: Kultur, klass och kön i det svenska läroverket 1850–1914 [“Where the wonderful laurels grow. . .”. Culture, class, and gender in Swedish secondary schools, 1850–1914]. Stockholm: Tiden.Google Scholar
Förslag till stadga för rikets allmänna läroverk afgivet den 13 januari 1891 af utsedde kommitterade. 1891 [Proposal for statutes for Swedish secondary schools. Report by the committee on January 13 1891]. Stockholm: Ivar Haeggströms boktryckeri.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Förteckning över Skandinaviens växter [List of the plants of Scandinavia]. [1907] 1917, 1941. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
Franzén, Olle. 1977. “Krok, Thorgny Ossian Bolivar Napoleon.” Svenskt biografiskt lexikon [Swedish dictionary of national biography] 21:587–589. Stockholm: Norstedt.Google Scholar
Goodson, Ivor. [1982] 1993. School Subjects and Curriculum Change: Studies in Curriculum History. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Hägerström, Karl Peter 1900. Växtlistor för de allmänna läroverken i Västmanland [Plant lists for secondary schools in Västmanland]. Västerås: A. F. Berghs Boktryckeri.Google Scholar
Hänninger, Nils. 1943. “Klassiska läroböcker och deras författare” [Classic textbooks and their authors]. Meddelanden från Svenska Bokförlaget [Notes from Svenska bokförlaget] 7:14.Google Scholar
Hartman, Carl. J. 1820. Handbok i Skandinaviens flora, innefattande Sveriges och Norriges Vexter, till och med Mossorna: Med Inledning, afhandlande grunderna för Botanikens studium, samt tvänne planscher [Handbook of the flora of Scandinavia, containing the plants of Sweden and Norway, including mosses: With an introduction to the foundations of the study of botany]. Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström.Google Scholar
Hartman, Carl. J. 1846. Svensk och norsk excursions-flora. Phanerogramer och ormbunkar [Swedish and Norwegian excursion flora. Fanerogams and ferns]. Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström.Google Scholar
Hartman, Carl. 1879. C. J. Hartmans handbok i Skandinaviens flora, innefattande Sveriges och Norges växter, till och med mossorna [C. J. Hartman's handbook of the flora of Scandinavia, containing the plants of Sweden and Norway, including mosses]. Eleventh edition. Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggströms förlag, Ivar Haeggströms boktryckeri.Google Scholar
Holgén, Alrik, and Linderoth, Fred. 1933a. Valda typväxter med beskrivning för skolornas botanikundervisning. I anslutning till växtbilder utarbetade av samma förf [Select plants with descriptions, for school botany, In conjunction with plant pictures produced by the same authors]. Uppsala: J. A. Lindblads Förlag.Google Scholar
Holgén, Alrik, and Linderoth, Fred. 1933b. 68 växtbilder [68 plant pictures]. Uppsala: J. A. Lindblads Förlag.Google Scholar
Ilien, Gösta Emin J:son. 1932. Kortfattad översikt över de högre växternas yttre organ [Brief review of the external organs of vascular plants]. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Edgar W. 1979. “The Development of School Biology 1918–1945.” History of Education 8:59–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeppsson, Herman. 1945. Studieplan i botanik. LT:s korrespondensskola [Study plan for botany. LT:s correspondence school]. Stockholm: Tryckeriaktiebolaget Fylgia.Google Scholar
Johansson, Ulla. 2000. Normalitet, kön och klass: Liv och lärande i svenska läroverk 1927–1960 [Normality, gender, and class: Life and learning in Swedish secondary schools 1927–1960]. Umeå: Umeå universitet.Google Scholar
Kaiser, David. 2005. “Introduction: Moving Pedagogy from the Periphery to the Center.” In Pedagogy and the Practice of Science: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Kaiser, David, 1–8. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kaiserfeld, Thomas. 1997. Vetenskap och karriär: Svenska fysiker som lektorer, akademiker och industriforskare under 1900-talets första hälft [Science and career: Swedish physicists as secondary-school teachers, academics, and industrial researchers during the first half of the twentieth century]. Lund: Arkiv förlag.Google Scholar
Keeney, Elizabeth B. 1992. The Botanizers: Amateur Scientists in Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory. 1976. “The Nineteenth-Century Amateur Tradition: The Case of the Boston Society of Natural History.” In Science and Its Public: The Changing Relationship, edited by Holton, Gerald and Blanpied, William A., 173–190. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krok, Thorgny O. B. N. 1889. C. J. och C. Hartmans Handbok i Skandinaviens flora, innefattande Sveriges, Norges, Finlands och Danmarks ormbunkar och fanerogamer [C. J. and C. Hartman's handbook of the flora of Scandinavia, containing the ferns and fanerogams of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark]. Twelfth edition, edited by Thorgny, O. B. N. Krok. Stockholm: Kindberg.Google Scholar
Krok, Thorgny O. B. N. and Almquist, Sigfrid. 1883. Svensk flora för skolor: I. Fanerogamer [Swedish flora for schools. I. Fanerogams]. Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggströms Förlag.Google Scholar
Kursplaner och metodiska anvisningar för realskolan. 1955. [Curricula and instructions on methods for lower secondary schools]. Stockholm: Kungl. Skolöverstyrelsen.Google Scholar
Kyle, Gunhild. 1972. Svensk flickskola under 1800-talet [Swedish girls’ schools during the nineteenth century]. Göteborg: Kvinnohistoriskt arkiv.Google Scholar
Lagerstedt, Nils G. W. 1918. “Sigfrid Oskar Immanuel Almquist.” Svenskt biografiskt lexikon [Swedish dictionary of national biography] I:502–506. Stockholm: Bonnier.Google Scholar
Lindman, Carl A. M. 1928. Illustrerad skol- och exkursionsflora över Sveriges kärlväxter [Illustrated school and excursion flora of Swedish vascular plants]. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt and Söners Förlag.Google Scholar
Lövheim, Daniel. 2006. Att inteckna framtiden: Läroplansdebatter gällande naturvetenskap, matematik och teknik i svenska allmänna läroverk 1900–1965 [Securing the future: Curriculum debates concerning science, mathematics, and technology in Swedish secondary schools 1900–1965]. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.Google Scholar
Löwegren, Yngve. 1974. Naturaliesamlingar och naturhistorisk undervisning vid läroverken Årsböcker i svensk undervisningshistoria [Natural history collections and natural history education in secondary schools. Yearbooks in Swedish history of pedagogy], vol 132. Stockholm: Föreningen för svensk undervisningshistoria.Google Scholar
Lynch, Michael and Law, John. 1999. “Pictures, Texts, and Objects: The Literary Language Game of Bird-Watching.” In The Science Studies Reader, edited by Biagioli, Mario, 317–341. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nave, Johann. 1869. Anvisning till växternas insamling, preparering och undersökning med särskildt afseende på kryptogramerna. Jemte ett bihang om mikroskopet [Instructions on collecting, preparing, and examining plants, with particular consideration of cryptogams. With an appendix on the microscope]. Translated by Alfred Falck. Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggströms Förlag.Google Scholar
Neuman, Leopold Martin. 1901. Sveriges flora: Fanerogamerna [The flora of Sweden. Fanerogams]. Lund: Gleerups Förlag.Google Scholar
Nordwall, Jonas Fritjof. 1906. Den levande naturen: Anvisningar för självstudier i biologi [Living nature. Instructions for self-instruction in biology]. Stockholm: Ljus.Google Scholar
Nordwall, Jonas Fritjof. 1912–13. Om biologiundervisningen i förenta staternas högre skolor [On the teaching of biology in high-schools in the United States]. Offprint from Uppsala, Högre allm. lärov. Progr. 1912/13. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Nordwall, Jonas Fritjof. 1913. “Biologiens värde som läroämne i skolan och gymnasiet” [The value of biology as a subject in lower and higher secondary schools]. Pedagogisk Tidskrift [Journal of Pedagogy] 49:184–200.Google Scholar
Nordwall, Jonas Fritjof. 1916. Herbarielista, regler för herbariearbetet [Herbarium list: rules for making a herbarium]. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Nordwall, Jonas Fritjof. 1924. Anvisningar om växtinsamling och herbariearbete [Instructions on plant collecting and herbarium making]. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Nordwall, Jonas Fritjof. 1932. Anvisningar om växtinsamling och andra botaniska arbeten jämte herbarietabell med översikt av växtsystemet [Instructions on plant collecting and other tasks in botany, with a herbarium table and review of the plant system]. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Nyhart, Lynn K. 1998. “Civic and Economic Zoology in Nineteenth-Century Germany.” Isis 89:605–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhart, Lynn K. 2002. “Teaching Community via Biology in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany.” Osiris 17:141–70.Google Scholar
Olesko, Kathryn M. 1993. “Tacit Knowledge and School Formation.” Osiris 8:16–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olesko, Kathryn M. 2005. “The Foundations of a Canon: Kohlrausch's Practical Physics.” In Pedagogy and the Practice of Science: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Kaiser, David, 323–356. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Olesko, Kathryn M. 2006. “Science Pedagogy as a Category of Historical Analysis: Past, Present, and Future.” Science and Education 15:863–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsson, Roger. 1972. Amatörbotanik [Amateur botany]. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.Google Scholar
Olsson, Roger and Nilsson, Magnus. 1982. Botanik från början [Botany from the beginning]. Stockholm: Forskningsrådens Förlagstjänst.Google Scholar
Pauly, Philip J. 1991. “The Development of High School Biology: New York City, 1900–1925.” Isis 82:662–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pehrson, Torsten. 1928. Växter och djur: Huru de insamlas och prepareras. [Plants and animals. How they are collected and prepared]. Försök själv [Try it yourself], vol. 3. Stockholm: Bokförlaget Natur och Kultur.Google Scholar
Pointsförteckning öfver Skandinaviens växter [Points list of the plants of Scandinavia] [1879] 1880, 1883, 1891, 1896, 1900. Lund: Gleerups.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Dorothy B. and Bybee, Rodger W. 1987. “Emergence of the Biology Curriculum: A Science of Life or Science of Living.” In The Formation of School Subjects: The Struggle for Creating an American Institution, edited by Popkewitz, Thomas S., 123–144. London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar
Rydberg, Hans. 1984. Fältbotanik: Konsten att bestämma växter och använda floror [Field botany: The art of identifying plants and using a flora]. Stockholm: Bonnier fakta.Google Scholar
Schiebinger, Londa. 1993. Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Secord, Anne. 1994a. “Corresponding Interests: Artisans and Gentlemen in Nineteenth-Century Natural History.” British Journal for the History of Science 27:383–408.Google Scholar
Secord, Anne. 1994b. “Science in the Pub: Artisan Botanists in Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire.” History of Science 32:286–93.Google Scholar
Secord, Anne. 2002. “Botany on a Plate.” Isis 93:28–57.Google Scholar
Selander, Sten. 1934. “Arvet från Linné” [The Linnaean heritage]. In Svensk mark [Swedish soil], 51–72. Stockholm: Bonnier.Google Scholar
Selander, Sten. 1937. “Krok-Almquist.” In Mark och människor [Soil and people], 7–16. Stockholm: Bonnier.Google Scholar
Sernander, Rutger and Skottsberg, Carl. 1915. Om studiet av botanik. Handledning för självstudier [On studying botany: Guide for self-instruction]. Stockholm: Norstedt.Google Scholar
Shteir, Ann. 1997. “Gender and ‘Modern’ Botany in England.” Osiris 12:29–38.Google Scholar
Shteir, Ann. 1996. Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughters and Botany in England, 1760–1860. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Shteir, Ann B. 2003. “Bentham for ‘Beginners and Amateurs’ and Ladies: Handbook of the British Flora.” Archives of Natural History 30:237–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Söderberg, Erik. 1943–47. Våra vilda växter och hur man känner igen dem [Our wild flowers and how to recognize them]. Illustrerad fickbok [Illustrated pocket-book]. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.Google Scholar
Söderqvist, Thomas. 1986. The Ecologists: From Merry Naturalists to Saviours of the Nation: A Sociologically Informed Narrative Survey of the Ecologization of Sweden. Göteborg: Göteborgs Universitet.Google Scholar
Sörlin, Anton. 1948. Botanik [Botany]. Stockholm: Ehlins.Google Scholar
Star, Susan Leigh and Griesemer, James. 1989. “Institutional Ecology, ‘Translations’ and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–1939.” Social Studies of Science 19:387–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stenström, Karl O. E. 1898.Växtlistor för de allmänna läroverken [Plant lists for secondary schools]. Stockholm: Norstedt.Google Scholar
Stenström, Karl O. E. 1899. “Om feriekurser i botanik” [On holiday classes in botany]. Pedagogisk tidskrift [Journal of Pedagogy] 35:40–43.Google Scholar
Stenström, Karl O. E. 1900.Växtlistor för de allmänna läroverken [Plant lists for secondary schools]. Second edition. Stockholm: Norstedt.Google Scholar
Strindberg, August. 1907. Svenska öden och äfventyr: Berättelser från alla tidehvarf [Swedish adventures: Stories from all epochs]. Stockholm: Centraltryckeriet.Google Scholar
Sundstedt, Fredrik and Ericsson, Ture. 1936. Våra växter [Our plants]. Stockholm: Bokförlaget Natur och kultur.Google Scholar
Sundstedt, Fredrik. 1934. Den svenska växtvärlden [The Swedish plant world]. Stockholm: Nordisk Rotogravyr.Google Scholar
Thedenius, Karl Fredrik. 1854. Svensk skol-botanik: Innefattande tvåhundrafemtio plancher och utförliga beskrifningar af svenska växter: i tvenne band [Swedish school botany. Containing two hundred and fifty plates and detailed descriptions of Swedish plants; in two volumes]. Stockholm: Hæggström.Google Scholar
Thedenius, Karl Fredrik. 1868. Bihang till skol-herbariet, innefattande några kännetecken för Uplands och Södermanlands allmännaste eller i öfrigt mest utmärkta växter, såväl vilda som odlade, äfvenson för de i ‘Svensk Skol-Botanik’ upptagna, till Skol-ynglingars tjenst utgifvet [Appendix to the school herbarium, containing some characteristics of the most common or most remarkable plants of Upland and Södermanland, wild and cultivated, as well as those included in “Swedish School Botany” published for the use of school boys]. Stockholm: Thedenius.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underdånigt betänkande afgifvet den 9 oktober 1871 af den i nåder tillsatta kommissionen för behandling af åtskilliga till undervisningen i matematik och naturvetenskap inom elementärläroverken hörande frågor [Report given on 9 October 1871, by the committee for the consideration of several questions concerning the teaching of mathematics and science in secondary schools]. 1872. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt and Söner.Google Scholar
Valmstedt, Erik Ulrik. 1877. En liten hjelpreda vid undervisningen i växtläran afsedd för första och andra klasserna vid Klara Elementarläroverk [A small guide to the teaching of plant science, written for the first and second classes of Klara lower secondary school]. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt and Söner.Google Scholar
Vestergren, Tycho. 1912. “Några ord om växtkännedomens betydelse i biologiundervisningen [Comments on the importance of plant knowledge in the teaching of biology].” Pedagogisk Tidskrift [Journal of Pedagogy] 48:56–70.Google Scholar
Wahlin, Bertil. 1962. Växterna omkring oss [The plants around us]. Stockholm: Sveriges Radio.Google Scholar
Wennerholm, Staffan. 2005. Framtidsskaparna: Vetenskapens ungdomskultur vid svenska läroverk 1930–1970 [The future makers: Youth culture of science at Swedish secondary grammar schools 1930–1970]. Lund: Arkiv förlag.Google Scholar

Archival sources

Almquist Papers. Sigfrid Almquist's papers, Letters from Th. O. B. N. Krok, Letter to R. Mattson, 11 April 1902. Archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Botaniska föreningen i Lund Papers. Växtbytet, Växtbyte med främmande föreningar, Lunds botaniska förenings arkiv, Botanical Museum, Lund.Google Scholar
Krok Papers. Th. O. B. N. Krok's papers, Letters from Sigfrid Almquist, 14 July 1901, 18 July 1901, 7 March 1914, 31 March 1914, 11 January 1917, 9 July 1918. Archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Linnaea (Lund) Papers. Letter from Gustaf Hyltén-Cavallius to Mr. Lomax, 5 March, 1885. 10: Brevkoncept, memorial, adressböcker etc. Handlingar rörande Bot. Bytesfören. Linnaea i Lund, Lund University Library, Lund.Google Scholar
Linnaea (Stockholm) Papers. Norra Latin, Sällskapet Linnaea, 1882–1903 (F9B:2), 1911–24 (F9B:3), Stockholm City Archives, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Norra Reals naturvetenskapliga förening (NRF) Papers. Stockholm City Archives, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Minutes, 8 May 1907. Archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Studiefrämjandet Papers. [OKAT], Undervisning, Förel.-Fören., Allm., Studiefrämjandet, Allm., National Library of Sweden, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Upsala Botaniska Bytesförening Papers. “Berättelse om Botaniska Föreningens i Upsala verksamhet vårterminen 1853.” Botaniska Bytes-Föreningens Handlingar. Revisionsberättelser, Upsala Botaniska Bytesförenings arkiv, Uppsala University Library, Uppsala.Google Scholar