Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-25T10:41:55.586Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Imagining the Fishing: Artists and Fishermen in Late Nineteenth Century Cornwall1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 October 2008

Bernard Deacon
Affiliation:
Department of Lifelong Learning, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.

Abstract

The focus of postmodernist historians on language and representation clashes with the more traditional approach of the social historian to material structures and processes. This article adopts the suggestion of Wahrman that a ‘space of possibilities’ exists where these apparently competing perspectives might be connected. The concept of a ‘space of possibilities’ is pursued through a case study of a marginal group, the fishing communities of west Cornwall in the late nineteenth century. The article explores points of contact and contrast between the artistic and the fishing communities, between the painterly gaze and the subjects of that gaze. It is proposed that, while the artistic colonies and their representations might be explained as a result of discourses reproduced in the centre, their specific choice of location in Cornwall can also be related to the local economic and social history that granted them a space of possibilities.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2. Examples can be found in Malcolm Chapman, The Celts: The Construction of a Myth (London, 1992); James, Simon, The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention? (London, 1999).Google ScholarPhilo, Chris, ‘A “Lyffe in Pyttes and Caves”: Exclusionary Geographies of the West Country Tinners’, Geofonim 29, 1998, 159172Google Scholar; Sibley, D., Geographies of Exclusion: Society and Difference in the West (London, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shields, Rob, Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity (London, 1991).Google Scholar

3. For the context of post-war British social history see Taylor, Miles, ‘The Beginnings of Modern British Social History?’, History Workshop Journal, 43, 1997.Google Scholar For the more specific concern with marginal groups the classic work is Thompson, E.P., The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1963).Google Scholar

4. The contrasting approaches are set out in Kirk, Neville, ‘History, Language, Ideas and Post-Modernism: A Materialist view’, Social History 19 (1994), 221–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Joyce, Patrick, ‘The End of Social History?’, Social History 20 (1995), 7391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Price, Richard, ‘Postmodernism as Theory and History’, in John, Belchem and Neville, Kirk (eds), Languages of Labour (Aldershot, 1997), p. 27.Google Scholar

6. Wahrman, Dror, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780–1840 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 6 and 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7. Walton, John, ‘Seaside Resorts and Maritime History’, International Journal of Maritime History 9 (1997), 125–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. Thompson, Paul, with Wailey, Tony and Lummis, Trevor, Living the Fishing (London, 1983), p. 15.Google Scholar

9. Thompson, , Living the Fishing, p. 22.Google Scholar

10. Thompson, , Living the Fishing, p. 26.Google Scholar

11. Gray, Malcolm, The Fishing Industries of Scotland 1790–1914: A Study in Regional Adaptation (Aberdeen, 1978).Google Scholar

12. See for example Payton, Philip, The Making of Modern Cornwall (Redruth, 1992).Google ScholarJenkin, A. K. Hamilton, Cornish Seafarers: The Smuggling, Wrecking and Fishing Life of Cornwall (London, 1932)Google Scholar is the exception.

13. Vernon, James, ‘Border Crossings: Cornwall and the English (imagi)nation’, in Geoffrey, Cubitt (ed.), Imagining Nations (Manchester, 1998), p. 153.Google Scholar

14. Crouch, David and Toogood, Mark, ‘Everyday Abstraction: Geographical Knowledge in the Art of Peter Lanyon’, Ecumene 6 (1999), 75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

15. Cubitt, , Imagining Nations, p. 12.Google Scholar

16. Korey, Jane Smith, ‘As We Belong To Be: The Ethnic Movement in Cornwall, England’, unpublished PhD thesis, Brandeis University, 1992.Google Scholar

17. Dodd, Philip, ‘Englishness and the National Culture’, in Robert, Colls and Philip, Dodd (eds), Englishness: Politics and Culture 1880–1920 (London, 1986), pp. 128.Google Scholar

18. Dodd, Philip, ‘Gender and Cornwall: Charles Kingsley to Daphne du Maurier’, in Snell, K.D.M. (ed.), The Regional Novel in Britain and Ireland 1800–1990, (Cambridge, 1998), p. 124.Google Scholar

19. Vernon, , ‘Border crossings’, p. 160.Google Scholar

20. For aspects of this shift see Deacon, Bernard, ‘Proto-regionalisation: The Case of Cornwall’, Journal of Regional and Local Studies 18 (1998), 2741Google Scholar and Payton, Philip and Thornton, Paul, ‘The Great Western Railway and the Cornish-Celtic Revival’, Cornish Studies 3 (1995), 83103.Google Scholar

21. See, for example, Rule, John, ‘The Home Market and the Sea Fisheries of Devon and Cornwall in the Nineteenth Century’, in Walter, Minchinton (ed.), Population and Marketing: Two Studies in the History of the South West (Exeter, 1976), pp. 123139Google Scholar; Corin, John, Fishermen's Conflict: The Story of Newlyn (Newton Abbot, 1988)Google Scholar; Smart, Dave, The Cornish Fishing Industry: A Brief Industry (Penryn, 1992).Google Scholar

22. See, for example, Bendiner, Kenneth, An Introduction to Victorian Painting (London, 1985), p. 103.Google Scholar

23. Vernon, , ‘Border Crossings’, p. 162.Google Scholar

24. Chope, R. Pearse (ed.), Early Tours in Devon and Cornwall (Newton Abbot, 1967), pp. 160Google Scholar, 195. See also Botanista, Theophilus, Rural Beauties; or the Natural History of the Western Counties (London, 1757), pp. 67, 70.Google Scholar

25. Chope, (ed.), Early Tours, p. 224.Google Scholar See also Lipscomb, George, A Journey into Cornwall (Warwick, 1799)Google Scholar; Polwhele, Richard, The History of Cornwall (London, 1803–1806), p. 167.Google Scholar

26. For the features see Daniels, Stephen, Fields of Vision (Cambridge, 1993).Google Scholar

27. Gilpin, William, Observations on the Western Parts of England (London, 1808), p. 197.Google Scholar

28. Webb, Daniel Carless, Observations and Remarks during Four Excursions, made to various parts of Great Britain, in the years 1810 and 1811 (London, 1812), p. 134Google Scholar; Daniel, and Lysons, Samuel, Magna Britannia, being a concise topographical account of the several counties of Great Britain, volume 3 Cornwall (London, 1814), p. 180Google Scholar; Hitchins, Fortescue and Drew, Samuel, The History of Cornwall (Helston, 1824), p. 401.Google Scholar

29. Warner, Richard, A Tour through Cornwall (Bath, 1809), p. 139.Google Scholar

30. Cooke, George Alexander, Topography of Great Britain or British Traveller's Directory, and Travelling Companion, volume 1 (London, 1805), p. 153.Google Scholar

31. Lipscomb, , Journey, p. 226.Google Scholar

32. Chope, (ed.), Early Tours, p. 260.Google Scholar

33. Webb, , Observations, p. 131.Google Scholar

34. Hitchins, and Drew, , History, p. 471.Google Scholar

35. Murray, John, A Handbook for Travellers in Devon and Cornwall (London, 1859), p. 245.Google Scholar

36. White, Walter, A Londoner's Walk to the Land's End; and a trip to the Scilly Isles (London, 1855), pp. 175179.Google Scholar

37. Burritt, Elihu, A Walk from London to Lands End and Back (London, 1868), pp. 200201, 239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

38. Holland, Clive, From the North Foreland to Penzance (London, 1908), pp. 276–84.Google Scholar

39. White, , Londoner's Walk, p. 239.Google Scholar

40. Burritt, , Walk, p. 240.Google Scholar

41. Warner, , Tour, p. 174.Google Scholar

42. Cross, Tom, The Shining Sands: Artists in Newlyn and St.Ives 1880–1930 (Tiverton, 1994), p. 12.Google Scholar

43. Fox, Caroline, Stanhope Forbes and the Newlyn School (Newton Abbot, 1993).Google Scholar

44. Garstin, Norman, ‘The Work of Stanhope A. Forbes’, Studio, 33 (1901), 88.Google Scholar

45. Fox, Caroline and Greenacre, Francis, Artists of the Newlyn School 1880–1900 (Newlyn, 1979).Google Scholar

46. Forbes, Stanhope, ‘A Newlyn Retrospect’, Cornish Magazine 1 (1898), 83.Google Scholar

47. Hind, C. Lewis, ‘Stanhope A. Forbes, R.A.’, Art Journal, Christmas 1911, 6.Google Scholar

48. Langley, Roger and Knowles, Elizabeth, Walter Langley: Pioneer of the Newlyn Art Colony (Bristol, 1997), p.21.Google Scholar

49. Treuherz, Julian, Victorian Painting (London, 1993), pp. 181–2.Google Scholar

50. Cited, in Canney, Michael, Paintings by Artists of the Newlyn School, 1880–1900, (Newlyn, 1958).Google Scholar

51. Weisberg, Gabriel P., The Naturalist. Impulse in European Art 1860–1905 (London, 1992), p. 132.Google Scholar

52. Fox, , Stanhope Forbes, p. 93.Google Scholar

53. Forbes, Stanhope A., ‘Cornwall from a Painters' Point of View’, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society Report 68 (1900), 59.Google Scholar

54. Fox, and Greenacre, , Newlyn School, p. 65.Google Scholar

55. Forbes, , ‘Newlyn Retrospect’, p. 82.Google Scholar

56. Cited, in Fox, and Greenacre, , Newlyn School, p. 20.Google Scholar

57. Forbes, , ‘Cornwall’, p. 53.Google Scholar

58. Lambourne, Lionel, Victorian Painting (London, 1999), p. 338Google Scholar; Chambers, John, The Auckland Bramley, (Penzance, 1999), p. 8.Google Scholar

59. Treuherz, , Victorian Painting, p. 118.Google Scholar

60. Vernon, , ‘Border Crossings’, p. 162.Google Scholar

61. Two exceptions were Forbes' Soldiers and Sailors (1891) and the St.Ives based Titcomb, W.H.Y.'s Primitive Chapel, St.Ives (1889).Google Scholar

62. See Corin, Fishermen's Conflict.

63. Dodd, , ‘Englishness’, p. 14.Google Scholar This argument would have greater force if the summary of ‘recent experience’ were more accurate. In fact in 1882 it was copper mining that had declined more dramatically than tin and there had been no ‘decimation’ of the Cornish fishing industry this early. See Payton, , Modern Cornwall, pp. 99116.Google Scholar

64. This is the argument of Jacobs, Michael, The Good and Simple Life: Artist Colonies in Europe and America (Oxford, 1985).Google Scholar

65. James, , Atlantic Celts, pp. 5455.Google Scholar

66. Polsue, Joseph, Lake's Parochial History of the County of Cornwall, volume 3 (Wakefield, 1974, originally published 1867–1873), p. 333.Google Scholar

67. Rowe, John, Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution (Liverpool, 1953), p. 300. For the part-time aspect of seine fishing Sea Fisheries Commission, minutes of evidence (London, 1864), p. 473.Google Scholar

68. Courtenay, J. S., ‘A Treatise on the Statistics of Cornwall’, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society Report 6 (1838), 81140.Google Scholar

69. Courtenay, , ‘Treatise’, pp. 130–2.Google Scholar

70. Sea Fisheries Commission, p. 531.Google Scholar

71. Rule, , ‘Home Market’, p. 130.Google Scholar Cornish boats were noted in the North East herring fishery as early as 1820 (see Thompson, Living the Fishing, p. 35).Google Scholar

72. Aflafo, F. G., The Sea-Fishing Industry of England and Wales (London, 1904), pp. 210–12Google Scholar; Rule, , ‘Home Market’, p. 125.Google Scholar

73. Couch, Jonathan, ‘Essay on the Natural History of the Pilchard’, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society Report 3 (1835), 6596Google Scholar; Bertram, James G., The Unappreciated Fisher Folk: Their Round of Life and Labour (London, 1883), p. 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

74. Rule, , ‘Home Market’, p. 128.Google Scholar

75. These figures are from a database comprising a sample of the Census Enumerators' Books for the whole of Cornwall in 1881. The population frame for the sample is modified Registration Sub-Districts, with variable sample proportions of one in two to one in ten designed to keep the standard error to a minimum.

76. Corin, , Fishermen's Conflict, p. 33.Google Scholar

77. Whybrow, Marion, St.Ives 1883–1993: Portrait of an Art Colony (Woodbridge, 1994), p. 21.Google Scholar

78. Fox, and Greenacre, , Newlyn School.Google Scholar

79. Green, Iris, Artists at Home: Newlyn 1870–1900 (Newlyn, 1995).Google Scholar

80. Forbes' letters to his mother in 1884, cited in Bendiner, Victorian Painting, pp. 111, 162.Google Scholar

81. Forbes, , ‘Cornwall’, pp. 51–2.Google Scholar

82. Corin, , Fishermen's Conflict, p. 115.Google Scholar

83. Chambers, , Auckland Bramley, pp. 1314.Google Scholar

84. See Paynter, William, Old St.Ives: The reminiscences of William Paynter (Penzance 1999)Google Scholar; Murt, Eddie, Downlong Days: A St.Ives Miscellany (St.Ives, 1994).Google Scholar

85. Cornishman, 1884–7.

86. Halkes, John, A Century of Art in Cornwall 1889–1989 (Truro, 1989).Google Scholar

87. Batten, Ben, Newlyn of Yesterday (Newlyn, 1983), p. 9.Google Scholar

88. Fox, and Greenacre, , Newlyn School, p. 98.Google Scholar

89. Raymont, C. Morton, Memories of Old St.Ives (St.Ives, 1958), p. 23.Google Scholar

90. Calculated from the unpublished schedules of the Religious Census, 1851, PRO HO129.Google Scholar

91. St.Ives Weekly Summary, 11th October 1890.Google Scholar

92. Bartlett, W. H., ‘Summer Times at St.Ives, Cornwall’, Art Journal 5 (1897), 293.Google Scholar

93. Cornishman, 4th November 1897.Google Scholar

94. St.Ives Weekly Summary 6th Novenber 1897Google Scholar; Cornishman 11th November 1897.Google Scholar

95. See the use of the description ‘picturesque’ in Lach-Szyma, W. S., Newlyn and its Pier (Newlyn, 1884), pp. 2334.Google Scholar

96. Fox, , Stanhope Forbes, p. 21Google Scholar; Perry, Ronald, Dean, Ken and Brown, Bryan, Counterurbanisation: International Case Studies of Socio-Economic Change in the Rural Areas (Norwich, 1986), p. 39.Google Scholar

97. Cornishman, 30th May 1895.Google Scholar

98. Cornish Telegraph, 24th October 1895.Google Scholar

99. Forbes, , ‘Newlyn Retrospect’ p. 89.Google Scholar

100. See Phillips, Peter, The Staithes Group (Nottingham, 1993), pp. 1214.Google Scholar

101. Bendiner, , Victorian Painting, p. 109.Google Scholar

102. Forbes, , ‘Newlyn Retrospect’ pp. 82 and 90Google Scholar; ‘Cornwall’, pp. 62 and 58.Google Scholar

103. See Hudson, W. H., The Land's End (London, 1908), pp. 178–81.Google Scholar

104. See Ella, Westland (ed.), Cornwall: The Cultural Construction of Place (Penzance, 1997).Google Scholar

105. Langley, and Knowles, , Walter Langley, pp. 76–8.Google Scholar

106. Corin, , Fishermen's Conflict, p. 88.Google Scholar

107. Forbes, , ‘Cornwall’, p. 56.Google Scholar

108. Corin, , Fishermen's Conflict, p. 47.Google Scholar

109. Jacobs, , Good and Simple Life, p. 145Google Scholar points out how the nearness of ‘primitive’ Newlyn to ‘modern’ Penzance, with its convenient shopping and evening entertainments, was an extra attraction for Stanhope Forbes.

110. Cross, , Shining Sands, p. 28. See alsoGoogle ScholarCorin, , Fishermen's Conflict, p. 62.Google Scholar

111. Tables 2 and 3 are derived from sample proportions of one in two (St.Buryan) one in five (Paul), one in six (St.Ives and St.Just) and one in nine (Penzance).

112. Ruggles, Steven, Prolonged Connections: The Rise of the Extended Family in Nineteenth Century England and America (Madison, 1987), p. 5.Google Scholar

113. Reay, Barry, Microhistories: Demography, Society and Culture in Rural England 1800–1930 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 164–8.Google Scholar

114. King, Eric, ‘A Study of Family Histories in the Fishing Community of Seahouses, Northumberland between 1871 and 1921’, CD-ROM in Faulkner, L. and Finnegan, R. (eds), Project Reports in Family and Community History (Milton Keynes, 2000).Google Scholar

115. Sanderson, Stephen, ‘A Preliminary Study into Aspects of Residential Persistence and Community Ties in Cullercoats, a Northumbrian Fishing Village, between 1851 and 1891’, CD-ROM in Faulkner, L. and Finnegan, R. (eds), Project Reports in Family and Community History (Milton Keynes, 2000).Google Scholar

116. See Levi, Leone, The Economic Condition of Fishermen (London, 1883), p. 27Google Scholar for evidence of lower savings and higher pauperism in St.Ives as compared with east coast ports.

117. Fox, , Stanhope Forbes, p. 10.Google Scholar

118. Wahrman, , Imagining, p. 6.Google Scholar

119. Corin, , Fishermen's Conflict, p. 47.Google Scholar

120. Cross, , Shining Sands, p. 120.Google Scholar