Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T18:28:23.890Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The ‘Folk-Song’ Competition: An Aspect of the Search for an English National Music

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 October 2008

John Francmanis
Affiliation:
Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK.

Extract

On 10th April 1902 a sometime landscape artist and self-educated musical antiquarian took his seat in the Drill Hall at Kendal in Westmorland. Frank Kidson, an acknowledged authority on the subject, had been invited there to judge the first ever Folk-Song Competition. In introducing his guest the general adjudicator ‘could only say Mr Kidson was a walking encyclopoedia on these things’.

The perceived need for a characteristically English art music bestowed considerable significance on folk-song, for both theory and practice in continental Europe suggested that such material comprised the essential ingredient of any such national music. To contextualise the importance of Kidson's task this article begins by briefly examining the condition of music in England in the late nineteenth century before considering the requirements to be made of this as yet largely untapped national resource.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Westmorland Gazette, 12th April 1902.

2. Trotter, T.H. Yorke, ‘Rhythm in National Music’, Proceedings of the Musical Association (19041905), 18.Google Scholar

3. Maclean, Charles, ‘Sullivan as a National Style Builder’, Proceedings of the Musical Association (19011902), 90–1.Google Scholar

4. Stradling, Robert and Hughes, Meirion, The English Musical Renaissance, 1860–1940: Construction and Deconstruction (London, 1993), p. 12.Google Scholar

5. Webb, Gilbert, ‘The Foundations of National Music’, Proceedings of the Musical Association (18901891), 121–6.Google Scholar

6. Kidson, Frank, Traditional Tunes: a Collection of Ballad Airs, Chiefly Obtained in Yorkshire and the South of Scotland; Together with their Appropriate Words from Broadsides and from Oral Tradition (Oxford, 1891).Google Scholar

7. Maclean, , ‘Sullivan’, p. 91.Google Scholar

8. Journal of the Folk-Song Society, 1 (1899), 3 and 12.

9. Musical Times, March 1895, 185.

10. Williams, Ralph Vaughan, ‘A School of English Music’, The Vocalist, 1 (04 1902), 8.Google Scholar

11. Trotter, Yorke, ‘Rhythm’, pp. 32–3.Google Scholar

12. Holst, Gustav in Williams, Ralph Vaughan and Holst, Gustav, Heirs and Rebels: Letters Written to Each Other and Occasional Writings on Music (London, 1959), p. 56.Google Scholar

13. Williams, Ralph Vaughan, National Music and Other Essays (London, 1934), p. 168.Google Scholar

14. Banfield, Stephen, Sensibility and English Song (Cambridge, 1985), p. 1.Google Scholar

15. Wakefield, Mary, ‘Amateur Music As It Should Be’, Musical Times (03 1884), 144.Google Scholar

16. Wakefield, Mary, ‘Competition Festivals: A Lecture Delivered to the Concert Goers’ Club, London, 03 15th, 1907' (Kendal, nd [?1907]), p. 4.Google Scholar

17. Somerset Standard, 18th March 1904.

18. Newmarch, Rosa, Mary Wakefield: A Memoir (Kendal, 1912), p. 41.Google Scholar

19. Newmarch, , Mary Wakefield, pp. 1011, 23, 2931, 33, 35, 41–3, 111.Google Scholar

20. Wakefield, Mary, ‘National Melodies’, Murray's Magazine (09 1888), p. 376.Google Scholar

21. Mackerness, E.D., A Social History of English Music (London, 1964), p. 203Google Scholar; Colles, Herbert, The Mary Wakefield Westmorland Festival 1885–1935 (London, nd [?1935]), p. 1;Google ScholarNewmarch, , Mary Wakefield, p. 30;Google ScholarWakefield, Mary, Ruskin on Music (London, 1894), pp. 103–4;Google Scholar ‘Competition Festivals’, pp. 1–2; ‘National Melodies’, p. 392; ‘Church Music’, p. 35.

22. Wakefield, , ‘Amateur Music’, pp. 143–4.Google Scholar

23. Colles, , The Mary Wakefield Westmorland Festival, pp. 12;Google ScholarNewmarch, Rosa, Music in Lakeland [pamphlet, annotated 1905], Kendal Local History Library, pp.12;Google ScholarMary Wakefield, pp. 79–82; Wakefield, Mary, The Aims and Obiects of Musical Competition Festivals and How to Form Them (Kendal, nd [?1904]), pp. 13, 5;Google Scholar ‘Competition Festivals’, p. 14.

24. Wakefield, Mary, Music Competitions (Kendal, 1888), pp. 35, 89, 15.Google Scholar

25. Wakefield, , Aims and Objects, pp. 34;Google ScholarMusic Competitions, pp. 3, 9–12.

26. Wakefield, , ‘Competition Festivals’, p. 13.Google Scholar

27. Wakefield, , Music Competitions, pp. 910.Google Scholar

28. [quoted in] Newmarch, , Mary Wakefield, pp. 8991.Google Scholar

29. Newmarch, , Mary Wakefield, p. 80.Google Scholar

30. Colles, , The Mary Wakefield Westmorland Festival, pp. 12;Google ScholarWakefield, , ‘Competition Festivals’, p. 4.Google Scholar

31. Newman, quoted in Newmarch, , Mary Wakefield, pp. 102–3.Google Scholar

32. Newmarch, , Mary Wakefield, p. 39.Google Scholar

33. Newmarch, , Mary Wakefield, pp. 4654, 73–5, 88, 92.Google Scholar

34. Wakefield, Mary, ‘National Melodies’, p. 373.Google Scholar

35. Kidson, Frank, ‘English Folk-song: What Collectors are Doing’ Leeds Mercury, 21st 02 1907.Google Scholar

36. Engel, Carl, An Introduction to the Study of National Music (London, 1866), pp. 3, 23, 173, 199.Google Scholar

37. Journal of the Folk-Song Society, 1 (1899), 2.

38. Musical Times (April 1903), 234.

39. Musical Times (May 1902), 330.

40. Westmorland Gazette, 12th April 1902.

41. Kendal Festival Programme (1903), p. 16.

42. Westmorland Gazette, 12th April 1902.

43. Kidson, Ethel, ‘Life of Frank Kidson’ [MS – Leeds Central Library] ([?]1926), pp. 109110.Google Scholar

44. Westmorland Gazette, 12th April 1902; Musical Times (May 1902), 330.

45. Maitland, J.A. Fuller (ed), Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London, 1910), vol 2, p. 275.Google Scholar

46. Westmorland Gazette, 25th April 1903; Musical Times (June 1903), 404.

47. Mary Wakefield had high regard for the Minnesingers' use of music to influence other areas of life. Her article ‘A Mediaeval Singer and his Songs’ – an account of the life and work of Walther von der Vögel weide, the twelfth century ‘singer-patriot’ who ‘laid the foundation of German music and song’ – had appeared in the Comivonwealth in August 1896.

48. Festival Programme 1903; Musical Times (April 1903), 243.

49. Musical Times (April 1903), 234, 243.

50. Frank Kidson, letter to Annie Gilchrist (dated 31st May 1903), Vaughan Williams Memorial Library, London.

51. Westmorland Gazette, 25th April 1903.

52. SirWood, Henry, My Life of Music (London, 1938), p. 69.Google Scholar

53. Westmorland Gazette, 16th April 1904.

54. Musical Times (June 1903), 404; Wakefield, , Aims and Objects, p. 1.Google Scholar

55. Somerset Standard, 18th March 1904.

56. 23rd April 1904.

57. 22nd April 1904.

58. Journal of the Folk-Song Society, 1:5 (1904), 258–63.

59. Leeds Mercury, 21st February 1907.

60. Pakenham, Simona, Ralph Vaughan Williams: A Discovery of his Music (London, 1957), p. 23.Google Scholar

61. Howes, Frank, Folk Music of Britain – and Beyond (London, 1969), p. 106;Google ScholarKarpeles, Maud (ed.), Cecil Sharp's Collection of English Folk Songs (London, 1974), vol. 2, p. 180.Google Scholar

62. Sharp, Cecil, A Book of British Song for Home and School (London, 1902).Google Scholar

63. Kennedy, Michael, The Works of Ralph Vaughan Williams (London, 1964), p. 24.Google Scholar

64. Palmer, Roy (ed), Folk Songs Collected by Ralph Vaughn Williams (London, 1983), p. viii.Google Scholar

65. Broadwood, Lucy, ‘On the Collecting of English Folk-SongProceedings of the Musical Association 31 (1905), 89109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

66. O'Brien, Jane, ‘Percy Grainger: English Folk Song and the Grainger English Folk Song Collection’, unpublished PhD thesis, La Trobe University USA, 1979, pp. 33–6Google Scholar; Lindsey and Lincolnshire Star, 15th April 1905.

67. Westmorland Gazette, 25th April 1903; Somerset Standard, 15th April 1904; Somerset and Wiltshire Journal, 23rd April 1904.

68. O'Brien, , ‘Percy Grainger’, p. 34.Google Scholar

69. Lindsey and Lincolnshire Star, 15th April 1905.

70. O'Brien, , ‘Percy Grainger’, pp. 35–6;Google ScholarO'Shaughnessy, Patrick (ed.), Yellowbelly Ballads: A Third Selection of Lincolnshire Folk Songs Part 2 (Lincoln, 1975), p. 66.Google Scholar

71. ‘Minute Book of the Westmorland Festival’, 23rd July 1904, item 14 (Cumbria Records Office, Kendal).

72. Newmarch, , Mary Wakefield, p. 84.Google Scholar

73. 16th April 1904.

74. ‘Minute Book’, 23rd July 1904, item 14.

75. Newmarch, , Music in Lakeland, p. 90.Google Scholar

76. 6th May 1905.

77. Traditional Tunes, pp. 135–7.

78. Musical Times, March 1904.

79. Colles, , The Mary Wakefield Westmorland Festival, p. 2.Google Scholar

80. Somerset Standard, 22nd April 1904; Wakefield had been advocating compulsory sight-reading in national schools for many years (’Music Competitions’, p. 12).

81. Scoles, Percy, Oxford Companion to Music (London, 1980), p. 962.Google Scholar

82. Somervell, Arthur, ‘The Basis of the Claim of Music in Education’, Proceedings of the Musical Association (19041905), 150, 153, 157.Google Scholar

83. Letter 19th October 1904, quoted in Cox, Gordon, A History of Music Education in England 1872–1928 (Aldershot, 1993), pp. 74, 153–4.Google Scholar

84. ‘Minute Book’, 20th September 1905.

85. ‘Letter Book of the Westmorland Festival (1904–10)’, p. 288.

86. The Seeds of Love had been the first song Sharp ever heard in the field, only some two and a half years earlier

87. Leeds Mercury, 28th April 1906; Yorkshire Post, 28th April 1906; Westmorland Gazette, 5th May 1906

88. Wakefield, , ‘Competition Festivals’, p. 16.Google Scholar

89. Williams, Vaughan, National Music, p. 114.Google Scholar

90. ‘A Folk-Song Discussion’, Musical Times (December 1906), 806; Strangways, A.H. Fox, Cecil Sharp (London, 1933), p. 58.Google Scholar

91. ‘A Folk-Song Discussion’, pp. 806–8.

92. 19th April 1906.

93. 22nd April 1906.

94. Daily Chronicle, 23rd May 1906.

95. Quoted in Strangways, Fox, Cecil Sharp, p. 60.Google Scholar

96. Letter to Sharp, , 10th 06 1906Google Scholar, quoted in Cox, , History of Music Education, p. 144.Google Scholar

97. Letter to Sharp, , 15th 09 1906, Vaughan Williams Memorial Library, London.Google Scholar

98. Sharp, Cecil, English Folk-Song: Some Conclusions (London, 1907).Google Scholar

99. ‘Mr Cecil Sharp’, Musical Times (October 1912), p. 640.

100. Sharp, , English Folk-Song, p. x.Google Scholar

101. Sharp, , English Folk-Song, pp. 129–36.Google Scholar

102. Webb, , ‘Foundations’, pp. 113–4.Google Scholar

103. ‘English Folk-Song’, Times Literary Supplement, 23rd January 1908, p. 26.

104. 5th May 1906.

105. Pontefract and Castleford Advertiser, 9th May 1908, 15th May 1909

106. ‘The Stratford-on-Avon Festival’, Musical Times (September 1910), 596.

107. Stratford-upon-Avon Herald, 12th August 1910.

108. ‘Life of Frank Kidson’, pp. 111–4.

109. Quoted in ‘Jingoism in Music’, Musical Herald (September 1912), 281.

110. Newman, Ernest, ‘The Folk-Song Fallacy’, English Review (05 1912), 255–68;Google Scholar ‘The Folk-Song Fallacy: A Rejoinder’, English Review (August 1912), 65–70.

111. ‘Mr Frank Kidson’, Musical Herald, August 1913, 227–8.

112. Kendal Festival Programmes 1903–1912.

113. Grieg, Edvard, letter to Percy Grainger dated 11th August, 1907, Journal of the Folk-Song Society 3:11, (1907), 142–3.Google Scholar

114. ‘Minute Book’, 11th April 1910; Westmorland Gazette, 30th April 1910.

115. ‘Mr Frank Kidson’, p. 229.

116. Young, Percy M., A History of British Music (London, 1967), p. 549 [note 3].Google Scholar

117. ‘Portraits: Frank Kidson 1855–1927 (sic) by some of his friends’, Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, 5:3 (1948), 135.

118. Kennedy, Douglas, England's Dances (London, 1949), p. 21.Google Scholar

119. Britten, Benjamin, ‘England and the Folk-Art Problem’, Modern Music (0102 1941), 71–5.Google Scholar

120. Williams, Vaughan, National Music, pp. 75, 82–4.Google Scholar