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⁴ Here I am adopting the paradigms identified by Offe, Claus, “New Social Movements: Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics,” Social Research 52, No. 4 (Winter 1985): 817–68.Google Scholar

⁵ The subjective and structural explanations for protest movements would, of course, lead to very different predictions about their future prospects.

⁶ Baker, et al. , Germany Transformed, p. 293.Google Scholar

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²⁰ Author's interview with ANL founder Peter Hain, December 1980.

²¹ Ibid.

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²⁴ Only 10 NF candidates stood in the 1970 general election. Nationwide the Front put up 45 candidates in the May 1969 municipal elections and 84 in the 1971 local elections, receiving an average 8 and 5.2 percent of the respective vote.

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²⁸ Ibid.

²⁹ Taylor, Stan, The National Front in English Politics (London: Macmillan, 1982), p. 173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁰ Quoted in The Times, 31 01 1978.Google Scholar

³¹ Time, 27 08 1979, p. 51 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Miller, W. L., “What Was the Profit in Following the Crowd? The Effectiveness of Party Strategies on Immigration and Devolution,” British Journal of Political Science 10, No. 1 (01 1980): 15–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³³ Author's interview with Paul Holborow, January 1981.

³⁴ For a discussion of Labour's policy shift on race see Messina, Anthony M., “Race and Party Competition in Britain: Policy Formation in the Post-Consensus Period,” Parliamentary Affairs 38, No. 4 (Autumn 1985): 423–36.Google Scholar

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³⁶ Ibid., p. 27.

³⁷ Groom, , British Thinking, p. 276.Google Scholar

³⁸ Taylor, Richard and Pritchard, Colin, The Protest Makers: The British Nuclear Disarmament Movement of 1958–1965 Twenty Years On (London: Pergamon Press, 1980), p. 5.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Along these lines CND threatened a “voters' veto” of pronuclear parliamentary candidates during the 1959 general election.

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⁴⁵ For a discussion of these events see Groom, , British Thinking, pp. 405–55.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Pressures to leave CND and close ranks around the Labour party became especially strong with the election of Harold Wilson as party leader and an improvement in Labour's chances to form a government after 1962.

⁴⁷ The trade unions influence Labour party policy through their large bloc votes at the party's annual conference.

⁴⁸ Indeed, just as a Conservative government can coopt the political right on race so, too, is it easier for a Labour government to coopt the political left on nuclear disarmament.

⁴⁹ Every indication points to the Callaghan government's intention before the 1979 general election to replace Polaris. Malone, , British Nuclear Deterrent, p. 38.Google Scholar

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⁵¹ Author's interview with CND Chairman, Bruce Kent, 2 August 1985.

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⁵³ Approximately 30 percent of the German electorate in 1981 believed that an environmentalist party was needed in Germany. Conradt, David P., The German Polity (New York: Longman Inc., 1982), p. 128.Google Scholar