^* An early version of this paper was presented to the Tenth Pacific Science Congress, held at the University of Hawaii, August 21 to September 6, 1961, and sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, Bernice Pavahi Bishop Museum, and the University of Hawaii.

¹ See Eisenstadt's, S. N. article on “Sociological Aspects of Political Development in Underdeveloped Countries,” in Economic Development and Cultural Change, V (07 1957)Google Scholar. Much of what is written in this article, though put in general terms, is applicable to Indonesia.

² Furnivall, J. S., Colonial Policy and Practice (Cambridge [England], 1948) p. 21Google Scholar.

³ Kampongs are residential areas for the lower classes in Indonesian towns.

⁴ Traditional system of customary laws and usages.

⁵ For a penetrating account of the Indonesian revolution, see Kahin, George, Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia (Ithaca, 1952)Google Scholar.

⁶ Merton, Robert K., Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, Illinois, 1957), pp. 393–420Google Scholar. Data on this subject were collected by the present writer in his sociological field work in 1958 in the Special Area of Jogjakarta, Central Java. While village headmen and chairmen of the traditional village councils were usually recruited from local influentials, more than half of the new Western democratic style village councils had a chairman elected from the citybred government officials who happened to live in the village. Representative councils on provincial and lower regional levels, representing a population that consisted of more than 80% of farmers, were manned by more than 70% nonfarmers, originating from the Western-educated class.

⁷ From 1945 to 1959 Indonesia had 17 cabinets with an average lifetime of 10 months each.

⁸ President Soekarno's Decree, included in his address of July 5, 1959, delivered at Merdeka Palace in Djakarta.

⁹ Presidential Regulation of July 27, No. 2/1959, and of September 26, No. 3/1959.

¹⁰ In his decision of April 12, No. 128/1961, the President officially recognized three nationalist parties (PNI, IPKI and Partindo), three religious parties (N.U., Partai Katolik, and PSII-Arudji), and two communist parties (PKI and Partai Murba). Two more religious parties were recognized in July, 1961, Parkindo (Protestant) and Perti (Islam) by Presidential Decision of July 27, No. 440/1961.

¹¹ Martial Law No. 74/1957, effective until December 16, 1959, subsequently replaced by Governmental Regulation as a substitute for Law of that date No. 23/1959, still effective at the date of the present paper.

¹² Presidential Confirmation No. 3/1960. Presidential Confirmation No. 6/1959, and No. 5/1960 (afterwards revised) order the replacement of the elected Provincial and Regional representative councils by gotong-royong councils to add a majority of appointive members from functional groups over those from political parties.

¹³ Presidential Confirmation No. 4/1960 on the Gotong-Royong Parliament.

¹⁴ Presidential Regulation No. 13/1959.

¹⁵ Decisions of the Temporary People's Consultative Assembly of December 3, No. I/MPRS/1960, and No. II/MPRS/1960.

¹⁶ Presidential address on Independence Day, August 17, 1960.

¹⁷ Address of Prime Minister Djuanda to the Constitutional Assembly on May 21, 1959.

¹⁸ Official translation from Indonesian into English in “The Indonesian Revolution, Basic Documents and the Idea of Guided Democracy,” issued by the Department of Information of the Republic of Indonesia August, 1960, p. 65.

¹⁹ The issue of national integration was discussed in a National Convention (1957) followed about a year later by a second convention on planned development.

²⁰ Heine-Geldern, Robert, Conceptions of State and Kingship in Southeast Asia, Data Paper No. 18, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University (Ithaca, 04, 1956)Google Scholar.

²¹ Hallowell, Irving: “Sociopsychological Aspects of Acculturation,” in The Science of Man in the World Crisis, edited by Linton, Ralph (New York, 1957), p. 198Google Scholar. A similar movement is reported by Herskovits, Melville J. in his book Cultural Anthropology (New York, 1955), p. 477Google Scholar: “It is essentially out of contacts involving dominance of one people over another that contra-acculturative movements arise — those movements wherein a people come to stress the values in aboriginal ways of life, and to move aggressively, either actually or in fantasy, toward the restoration of those ways, even in the face of apparent impotence to throw off the power that restricts them. …”

²² Draft Basic Law on National Planned Overall Development Covering 8 years: 1961–1969, drafted by the National Planning Council of the Republic of Indonesia (this draft basic law will be referred to as The Eight-Year Plan), Book III, V, Chapter 865, p. 951.

²³ Wayang: Javanese puppet play with ancient stories.

²⁴ The Eight-Year Plan, Book III, V, Chapter 885, p. 1012.

²⁵ The Indonesian democracy is a village democracy, founded upon peaceful discussion and unanimity of opinion, said Minister of Foreign Affairs, Soebandrio, in a press conference at Quito, published in Berita Indonesia, 05 6, 1961 No. 2338Google Scholar, front page.

²⁶ “Political Manifesto,” Penerbitan Chusus (Special Issue) No. 76 of the Indonesian Ministry of Information, p. 60Google Scholar.

²⁷ Presidential address on Overall Planned Development, presented in written form to the National Planning Council on August 28, 1959, Chapter I, part A: “For this [popular spirit of development] we need a blueprint, a concrete overall plan, founded upon the Indonesian identity, which … is gotongroyong, supplemented with the best experiences in development in foreign countries.”

Muhammad, Bushar, Hal Kepribadian Bangsa, “On a National Identity,” in Occasional Paper No. 5, 05, 1960, Social Research Centre, Padjadjaran State University, p. 6Google Scholar: “The concept of original [cultural elements] includes: (a) those which we possessed from the outset … and (b) those which we received from foreign cultures in the course of our history and which have become original. … In other words the quality of originality refers to the synthesis in a process of active and conscious acculturation. …”

²⁸ Slamet, Moehammad, Sekali lagi Kepribadian Nasional, “Once again the National Identity,” Occasional Paper, op. cit., p. 10Google Scholar.

²⁹ Hartako, , Kita berpikir dengan perasaan, “We reason by feeling,” Berita Indonesia, 05 7, 1961, p. IIIGoogle Scholar.

³⁰ Rules of Procedure of the Gotong-Royong Parliament, Presidential Regulation No. 28/1960, articles 103 and 104.

³¹ “Decision making in Guided Democracy,” address delivered by Mr, Ali Sastroamidjojo, Deputy Chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly, at the Institute of Public Administration, Djakarta, on April 28, 1961. In this address Mr. Ali Sastroamidjojo reports that a similar process of decision making, without written rules of procedure, was agreed upon by all delegates and carried out with success at the Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung in 1955.

³² Mannheim, Karl, Diagnosis of Our Time (London, 1947), p. 150Google Scholar.