¹ Since this is not an essay in historiography, no effort is made here to cite the extensive and diverse literature on the subject, except where directly applicable.

² Although for reasons of convenience and coherence the essay focuses on the New Republic, it assumes that the views found there represent accurately the ideas of a substantial number of progressive thinkers. Students of the period are all familiar with the journal's influence, part of which was reflected in the writers it attracted: a list of the New Republic's contributors for the period forms a virtual roster of the Anglo-American political-intellectual establishment.

No small part of the journal's influence came from its excellence. George F. Kennan, the scholar and diplomat, has summarized well the editors' achievement: “In point of sheer literary excellence alone, these men had no superiors among their American contemporaries. In addition, they were able to muster among them a catholicity of interest, a depth of perception, a seriousness of concept, a tolerance, and a good taste that placed their collective effort in the foremost ranks of English-language journalism of all time” (“Walter Lippmann, the New Republic, and the Russian Revolution,” in Walter Lippmann and His Times, eds. Childs, and Reston, [New York, 1959]).Google Scholar

³ For other views of the relationship between progressivism and the New Republic see Bourke, Paul F., “The Status of Politics 1909–1919: The New Republic, Randolph Bourne and Van Wyck Brooks,” Journal of American Studies, 8 (08 1974), 171–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Forcey, Charles, The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 1900–1925 (New York, 1961)Google Scholar; and Noble, David W., “The New Republic and the Idea of Progess, 1914–1920,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 38 (12 1951), 387–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ “A Government Plea for Health Insurance,” New Republic, 7 (29 05 1916), 55.Google Scholar Unless otherwise noted (references to the New Republic are hereafter cited as NR. Where no title is given, the reference is to an untitled editorial.

⁵ “What Is Opinion?” NR, 4 (18 09 1915), 172.Google Scholar In order to avoid excessive citation, references that are not to a specific quotation will be kept to a minimum and will be representative rather then exhaustive in nature. In all cases, however, care has been taken to convey the New Republic's dominant attitudes as accurately as possible and to avoid the use of idiosyncratic or unrepresentative comments.

⁶ “The Retirement of Mr. Bryan,” NR, 2 (13 03 1915), 140.Google Scholar

⁷ Lippmann, , “The White Passion,” NR, 8 (21 10 1916), 294.Google Scholar

⁸ Editors' foreword to Kittredge, Mabel Hyde, “Taking Care of Belgium,” NR, 3 (31 07 1915)Google Scholar, special supplement.

⁹ NR, 1 (7 11 1914), 3Google Scholar; Allen, Lafon, “The Great Primary Humbug,” NR, 7 (20 05 1916), 65–67.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Cohen, Morris R., “Shall the Judges Make the Laws?” NR, 3 (15 05 1915), 31–33Google Scholar; ibid. (5 June 1915), 105; “The Supreme Court's Power,” NR, 10 (31 03 1917), 250–52.Google Scholar

¹¹ “The Bill of Rights Again,” NR, 1 (17 04 1915), 273.Google Scholar

¹² NR, 1 (7 11 1914), 5Google Scholar; “The Spoken Message,” ibid. (5 December 1914), 11–12; “Executive Leadership,” NR, 4 (14 August 1915), 31–32Google Scholar; “Majority Rule,” ibid. (21 August 1915), 58–60; “And Congress,” NR, 10 (10 03 1917), 150–51Google Scholar; “The Future of the Presidency,” NR, 12 (29 09 1917), 234–36.Google Scholar

¹³ “The Future of the Two-Party System,” NR, 1 (14 11 1914), 10–11Google Scholar; “The Archaic Two-Party System,” NR, 6 (8 04 1916), 251–53Google Scholar; “Homeless Radicals,” NR, 7 (1 07 1916), 211–13.Google Scholar

¹⁴ “Politics and Banking,” NR, 1 (14 11 1914), 11–12Google Scholar; “Business and Politics,” NR, 2 (6 02 1915), 4–5Google Scholar; “The Ways of Industrial Anarchy,” NR, 5 (18 12 1915), 162–63.Google Scholar

¹⁵ “Elihu Root,” NR, 2 (27 02 1915), 90–91.Google Scholar

¹⁶ NR, 1 (5 12 1914), 4Google Scholar; ibid. (9 January 1915), 7–8; “The Steel Trust Case,” NR, 3 (12 06 1915), 137–38.Google Scholar

¹⁷ “Railroad Regulation on Trial,” NR, 1 (19 12 1914), 8–9Google Scholar; “An Innocuous Frankenstein,” NR, 2 (20 03 1915), 169–70Google Scholar; “Mr. Morgan Stands Pat,” ibid. (6 February 1915), 7–8.

¹⁸ “The Radical,” NR, 1 (26 12 1914), 6–7Google Scholar; Weyl, Walter, “Equality,”Google Scholaribid. 1(23 January 1915), 13–14; NR, 2 (13 02 1915), 30Google Scholar; NR, 7 (15 07 1916), 264.Google Scholar

¹⁹ “Methods of Law and Order,” NR, 3 (26 06 1915), 200–02Google Scholar; “Unionism vs. Anti-Unionism,” NR, 8 (23 09 1916), 178–80.Google Scholar

²⁰ “Autocracy in Business,” NR, 1 (30 01 1915), 8–10Google Scholar; “Another Cassandra,” NR, 3 (17 07 1915), 270–71.Google Scholar

²¹ Richberg, , “Democratization of Industry,” NR, 11 (12 05 1917), 51.Google Scholar

²² “The Republicans and the State Constitution,” NR, 1 (28 11 1914), 7–8Google Scholar; “Training for Public Service,” NR, 7 (8 07 1916), 240–41.Google Scholar

²³ Lippmann, , “The Puzzle of Hughes,” NR, 8 (30 09 1916), 213.Google Scholar

²⁴ “Democratic Control of Scientific Management,” NR, 9 (23 12 1916), 204–205.Google Scholar

²⁵ “Organized Labor on Education,” NR, 7 (6 05 1916), 8–9.Google Scholar

²⁶ Dewey, , “American Education and Culture,” NR, 7 (1 07 1916), 215–17Google Scholar; Dewey, , “Experiment in Education,” NR, 10 (3 02 1917), 15–16Google Scholar; Bourne, , “Continuation Schools,” NR, 7 (10 06 1916), 143–45Google Scholar; Bourne, , “Education as Living,” NR, 8 (5 08 1916), 10–12.Google Scholar

²⁷ “Catholicism Contra Mundum,” NR, 8 (2 09 1916), 104–106.Google Scholar

²⁸ “Father Blakely States the Issue,” NR, 7 (29 07 1916), 320.Google Scholar

²⁹ “Catholicism Contra Mundum.”

³⁰ “Father Blakely States the Issue.”

³¹ McAfee, , “Can Christianity Tolerate the Church?” NR, 17 (18 01 1919), 331–32.Google Scholar

³² “Preparedness—A Trojan Horse,” NR, 5 (6 11 1915), 6.Google Scholar

³³ Lippmann, , “Integrated America,” NR, 6 (19 02 1916), 62–67.Google Scholar

³⁴ “The Landslide into Collectivism,” NR, 2 (10 04 1915), 249–50.Google Scholar

³⁵ For good summary statements of the New Republic's pre-1917 attitude toward the war, see NR, 6 (26 02 1916), 100–104Google Scholar, and NR, 7 (3 06 1916), 99.Google Scholar

³⁶ NR, 10 (10 03 1917), 148.Google Scholar

³⁷ “Beneath the Outcry,” NR, 9 (30 12 1916), 232.Google Scholar

³⁸ “A Victory of Justice vs. A Victory of Power,” NR, 16 (5 10 1918), 271–73.Google Scholar

³⁹ “Hypotheses vs. Certainties in International Politics,” NR, 17 (11 01 1919), 298.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ “Why the President Did It,” NR, 17 (2 11 1918), 3–4Google Scholar; Croly, Herbert, “Victory Without Peace,”Google Scholaribid. (11 January 1919), 301–303.

⁴¹ “A Victory of Justice vs. A Victory of Power,” p. 272.Google Scholar

⁴² “The Meaning of Reconstruction,” NR, 17 (14 12 1918), 182.Google Scholar

⁴³ Croly, Herbert, “The Future of the State,” NR, 12 (15 09 1917), 179–83Google Scholar; Croly, , “oCounsel of Humility,” NR, 13 (15 12 1917), 173–76Google Scholar; “After the War—Reaction or Reconstruction,” ibid. (19 January 1918), 331–33; “Bureaucracy in the Making,” NR, 16 (24 08 1918), 94–96.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ “Labor and the New Social Order,” NR, 14 (16 02 1918)Google Scholar, special supplement.

⁴⁵ “The Nationalism of the British Labor Party,” NR, 16 (17 08 1918), 63–65.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ “Recognition for Labor,” NR, 13 (24 11 1917), 84–86Google Scholar; “British and American Labor,” NR, 14 (16 02 1918), 68–71Google Scholar; “American Labor Politics,” NR, 15 (29 06 1918), 250–51Google Scholar; “Labor in 1918,” NR, 16 (7 09 1918), 156–57.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ NR, 14 (2 03 1918), 125.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ “The Nationalism of the British Labor Party,” p. 64Google Scholar; “Why a Labor Party?” NR, 18 (26 04 1919), 397–400.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Croly, , “The Obstacle to Peace,” NR, 18 (26 04 1919), 406.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ “Saving Russia,” NR, 13 (29 12 1917), 229–31Google Scholar; “For or Against Russia?” NR, 14 (2 03 1918), 127–30.Google Scholar

⁵¹ “War and Revolution,” NR, 10 (24 03 1917), 212.Google Scholar

⁵² The journal did, however, occasionally publish articles by those totally uncritical of the Bolshevik regime. See, for example, Ransome, Arthur, “An Open Letter to America,” NR, 15 (27 07 1918), 371–77.Google Scholar

⁵³ “For and Against the Bolsheviki,” NR, 14 (6 04 1918), 280–82.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ “For or Against Russia?”; “Standing by Russia,” NR, 15 (25 05 1918), 100–01Google Scholar; “Approaching Proof on Russia,” NR, 21 (3 12 1919), 9–10.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ “For and Against the Bolsheviki.”

⁵⁶ Ibid.; Don Levine, Isaac, “The Russian Crisis,” NR, 13 (15 12 1917), 181–83.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ “Our Case Against the Soviet Republic,” NR, 19 (2 07 1919), 263–66Google Scholar; “No Where to No End,” NR, 19 (16 07 1919), 343–44.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ “For and Against the Bolsheviki,” p. 282.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ “Let Us Have Patience,” NR, 17 (18 01 1919), 329.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ “For and Against the Bolsheviki,” p. 280.Google Scholar

⁶¹ “For or Against Russia?” p. 129Google Scholar; “Wilson on Russia,” NR, 20 (17 09 1919), 189–90.Google Scholar

⁶² “Intervention vs. Economic Help to Russia,” NR, 17 (9 11 1918), 31–33Google Scholar; “Black Prospects for Russia,” NR, 17 (28 12 1918), 239–40Google Scholar; “Conciliation for Russia?” NR, 17 (25 01 1919), 355–57Google Scholar; “Bolshevism on Trial,” NR, 18 (15 02 1919), 70–72Google Scholar; “Japan and Siberia,” NR, 21 (14 01 1920), 187–88Google Scholar; “The Supreme Council Discovers the Russian People,” NR, 21 (28 01 1920), 247–49.Google Scholar

It might be noted that the New Republic never made clear just how the Allies could help and sustain the Russian people without also helping and sustaining a Bolshevik regime which was, after all, openly and actively sworn to the violent destruction of all existing Western governments.

⁶³ “The Pivot of History,” NR, 17 (16 11 1918), 59.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ NR, 18 (29 03 1919), 257–58.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Croly, , “The Obstacle to Peace,” pp. 403–407.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ NR, 17 (30 11 1918), 114.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ “Peace at Any Price,” NR, 19 (24 05 1919), 100–102Google Scholar; “Will the Republicans Save the League?” NR, 20 (24 09 1919), 215–17.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Weyl, Walter, “Planless Demobilization,” NR, 17 (30 11 1918), 125–27Google Scholar; “Harness Off,” NR, 18 (15 03 1919), 204–205.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ “The State of the Union,” NR, 23 (19 06 1920), 30–32Google Scholar; Croly, Herbert, “The Eclipse of Progressivism,” NR, 24 (27 10 1920), 210–16.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Niebuhr, , “The Twilight of Liberalism” (letter to editor), NR, 19 (14 06 1919), 218.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Lasch, Christopher made this point some time ago in The American Liberals and the Russian Revolution (New York, 1962).Google Scholar

⁷² Weyl, Walter, “Prophet and Politician,” NR, 19 (7 06 1919), 173–78Google Scholar; Dewey, John, “The Discrediting of Idealism,” NR, 20 (8 10 1919), 285–87.Google Scholar

⁷³ “The Republican Victory,” NR, 24 (10 11 1920), 252–54.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ “Terrorism,” NR, 19 (14 06 1919), 201–202Google Scholar; Lippmann, Walter, “Unrest,” NR, 20 (12 11 1919), 315–22.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ “The Expert and American Society,” NR, 15 (4 05 1918), 5–8Google Scholar; Croly, Herbert, “A School of Social Research,”Google Scholaribid. (8 June 1918), 167–71.

⁷⁶ Croly, , “Disordered Christianity,” NR, 21 (31 12 1919), 138.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Ibid., 136–39; Croly, , “A School of Social Research,” p. 171Google Scholar; Croly, , “The Obstacle to Peace,” p. 407Google Scholar; Croly, , “Regeneration,” NR, 23 (9 06 1920), 40–47.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Croly, , “Disordered Christianity,” p. 138.Google Scholar