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Tankards of the British Iron Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2015

Jonathan A. Horn
Jonathan A. Horn*
Affiliation:
Room 3.06, desk 1, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG Email: j.a.horn@sms.ed.ac.uk
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Abstract

Iron Age tankards are stave-built wooden vessels completely covered or bound in copper-alloy sheet. The distinctive copper-alloy handles of these vessels frequently display intricate ‘Celtic’ or La Tène art styles. They are characterised by their often highly original designs, complex manufacturing processes, and variety of find contexts. No systematic analysis of this artefact class has been undertaken since Corcoran’s (1952a) original study was published in Volume 18 of these Proceedings. New evidence from the Portable Antiquities Scheme for England and Wales and recent excavations have more than quadrupled the number of known examples (139 currently). It is therefore necessary and timely to re-examine tankards, and to reintegrate them into current debates surrounding material culture in later prehistory. Tankards originate in the later Iron Age and their use continued throughout much of the Roman period. As such, their design was subject to varying influences over time, both social and aesthetic. Their often highly individual form and decoration is testament to this fact and has created challenges in developing a workable typology (Corcoran 1952a; 1952b; 1957; Spratling 1972; Jackson 1990). A full examination of the decoration, construction, wear and repair, dating, and deposition contexts will allow for a reassessment of the role of tankards within the social and cultural milieu of later prehistoric and early Roman Britain.

Résumé

Chopes de l’âge du fer britannique, de Jonathan A. Horn

Les chopes de l’âge du fer sont des récipients en bois, construits de lattes, complètement couverts ou entourés d’une feuille d’alliage de cuivre. Leurs anses distinctives, en alliage de cuivre, démontrent fréquemment des styles artistiques compliqués ‘celtes’ ou de la Tène. Ils se caractérisent par leurs motifs souvent extrèmement originaux, leurs procédés de fabrication complexes et la variété des contextes dans lesquels ils ont été découverts. Aucune analyse systématique de cette classe d’artefacts n’a été entreprise depuis la publication de l’étude originale de Corcoran publiée dans le volume 18 de ce même bulletin. De nouveaux témoignages provenant du projet sur les Antiquités Portables de l’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles et de récentes fouilles ont plus que quadruplé le nombre d’exemplaires connus (139 à l’heure actuelle). Il est donc nécessaire et opportun de réexaminer les chopes, de les réintégrer au coeur des débats actuels autour de la culture matérielle pendant la préhistoire finale. Les chopes ont leur origine dans la seconde moitié de l’âge du fer et on continua à les utiliser tout au long de la plus grande partie de la période romaine. Et à ce titre, leur dessin fut sujet, au fil du temps, à diverses influences, à la fois sociales et esthétiques. Leur forme et leur décoration souvent extrèmement individuelles en témoignent et ont présenté des défis quand il a fallu établir une typologie exploitable. Un examen complet de leurs décoration, fabrication, usure et réparation, datation et contexte de dépôt vont nous permettre de réévaluer le rôle des chopes à l’intérieur du milieu social et culturel de la seconde moitié de la préhistoire et du début de la Grande-Bretagne romaine.

Zussamenfassung

Krüge der britischen Eisenzeit, von Jonathan A. Horn

Eisenzeitliche Trinkkrüge sind aus Dauben gefertigte hölzerne Gefäße, die vollständig bedeckt sind oder eingefasst werden von Blechen aus Kupferlegierung. Die auffälligen Henkel aus Kupferlegierung weisen häufig aufwändig verschlungene Muster auf im „keltischen“ oder Latène-Stil. Sie sind gekennzeichnet durch ihre oft höchst originellen Motive, ihre komplexen Herstellungsprozesse und eine Vielzahl von Fundkontexten. Seit Corcorans ursprüngliche Studie in Band 18 dieser Proceedings publiziert wurde, ist keine systematische Untersuchung dieser Artefaktklasse mehr vorgenommen worden. Neue Belege, die aus dem Portable Antiquities Scheme für England und Wales und aus jüngeren Ausgrabungen stammen, haben die Zahl der bekannten Exemplare mehr als vervierfacht (gegenwärtig 139). Es ist deshalb notwendig und an der Zeit die Trinkkrüge neu zu untersuchen und sie wieder in gegenwärtige Debatten um die materielle Kultur in der jüngeren Vorgeschichte einzubinden. Solche Krüge kommen in der späten Eisenzeit auf und ihre Nutzung setzt sich durch den Großteil der römischen Zeit fort. So ist ihre Gestaltung den verschiedenen Einflüssen im Verlauf der Zeit unterworfen, sowohl sozialen als auch ästhetischen. Ihre oft höchst individuelle Form und Verzierung gibt Zeugnis von dieser Tatsache und stellt eine Herausforderung für die Schaffung einer nützlichen Typologie dar. Eine umfängliche Untersuchung der Verzierung, Herstellung, Benutzung und Reparatur, ihrer Datierung und der Kontexte ihrer Deponierung soll uns erlauben die Rolle der Krüge innerhalb des sozialen und kulturellen Milieus Großbritanniens in der jüngeren Vorgeschichte und frühen Römerzeit neu zu bewerten.

Resumen

Jarras de metal de la Edad del Hierro británica, por Jonathan A. Horn

Las jarras de metal de la Edad del Hierro son vasijas de madera elaboradas mediante listones totalmente cubiertos o ceñidos por láminas de aleación de cobre. Las asas de aleación de cobre características de estas jarras frecuentemente reflejan estilos artísticos “célticos” o de “La Tène”. Éstos se caracterizan por la originalidad de sus diseños, por la complejidad de su manufactura, y por la variedad de contextos en que aparecen. Desde la publicación del estudio original de Corcoran en el volumen 18 de estos Proceedings, no se ha llevado a cabo ningún análisis sistemático de estos objetos. Las nuevas evidencias registradas en Portable Antiquities Scheme for England and Wales y las obtenidas a partir de excavaciones recientes cuadruplican el número de ejemplares conocidos (actualmente 139). Por eso, es necesario y adecuado re-examinar estas jarras de metal, reintegrándolas en los debates actuales en torno a la cultura material en el final de la Prehistoria. Las jarras de metal se originaron a finales de la Edad del Hierro y su uso continuó durante buena parte de la época romana. Por ello, su diseño estuvo sujeto a distintas influencias tanto sociales como estéticas a lo largo del tiempo. Su morfología y decoración extremadamente individual es reflejo de este hecho y ha supuesto un reto a la hora de crear una tipología manejable. Un examen completo de la decoración, elaboración, uso y reparación, de la cronología y de los contextos de depósito permitirá una revaloración del papel de las jarras de metal en el ámbito social y cultural del final de la Prehistoria y de los inicios de la Bretaña romana.

Keywords

TankardsLate Iron AgeRoman Britainhoardsalcoholfrontier identitiesCeltic artLa Tènecoopering
Type
Articles
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Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 81 , December 2015 , pp. 311 - 341
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© The Prehistoric Society 2015 

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