Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pjpqr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-07T19:12:01.642Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Energy expenditure and physical activity in relation to fitness in children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

M. B. E. Livingstone
M. B. E. Livingstone
Affiliation:
Human Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Symposium on ‘Nutrition and activity’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 53 , Issue 1 , March 1994 , pp. 207 - 221
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1994

References

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (1980). Health-related Fitness Test Manual. Reston, Va: American Alliance for Health.Google Scholar
American College of Sports Medicine (1978). Position statement on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining fitness in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 10, vii–x.Google Scholar
Anderson, K. L., Ilmarinen, J., Ruthenfranz, J., Ottman, W., Bernat, I., Kylian, H. & Rupkel, M. (1984). Leisure time sport activities and maximal aerobic power during late adolescence. European Journal of Applied Physiology 52, 431–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, N., Balding, J., Gentle, P., Williams, J. & Kirby, B. (1990). Peak oxygen uptake and physical activity in 11- to 16-year-olds. Pediatric Exercise Science 2, 349–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, N., Davies, B. & Heal, M. (1983). The specificity of energy utilisation by trained and untrained adolescent boys. British Journal of Sports Medicine 17, 193–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atomi, Y., Iwawka, K., Hatta, H., Miyashita, M. & Yamamoto, Y. (1986). Daily physical activity levels in pre-adolescent boys related to V O2max and lactate threshold. European Journal of Applied Physiology 55, 156–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (1985). The Australian Health and Fitness Survey. Parkside, South Australia, ACHPER.Google Scholar
Bale, P. (1978). The physiological performance of pre-adolescent schoolchildren. Physical Education Review 1, 89–95.Google Scholar
Bale, P. (1981). Pre- and post-adolescents' physiological response to exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine 15, 246–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandini, L. G., Schoeller, D. A. & Dietz, W. H. (1990). Energy expenditure in obese and nonobese adolescents. Pediatric Research 27, 198–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baranowski, T., Dworkin, R., Cieslik, C. J., Hooks, P., Rains, D., Ray, L., Dunn, J. K. & Nader, P. R. (1984). Reliability and validity of children's self-report of aerobic activity: Family Health Project. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 55, 309–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Or, O. (1983). Pediatric Activity Medicine For The Practitioner: From Physiologic Principles to Clinical Applications. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, S., Haskell, W., Ho, P., Paffenbarger, R., Vranizan, K., Farquhar, J. & Wood, P. (1985). Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. American Journal of Epidemiology 122, 794–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Leblanc, D., Lortie, G., Savara, R. & Theriault, G. (1982). A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37, 461–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooke, J. D., Hardman, A. E. & Bottomley, F. A. (1975). The physiological load of a netball lesson. Bulletin of Physical Education 11, 31–42.Google Scholar
Casperson, C., Powell, K. & Christenson, G. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions of health-related research. Public Health Reports 100, 126–131.Google Scholar
Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (1984). The Diets of British Schoolchildren. Report on Health and Social Subjects no. 36. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Council of Europe (1987). Handbook For The Eurofit Tests of Physical Fitness. (Recommendation R (87) 9 of Committee of Ministers). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Coutes, T. J., Jeffrey, R. W. & Slinkard, L. A. (1981). Heart healthy eating and exercise: introducing and maintaining changes in health habits. American Journal of Public Health 71, 15–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, D. A., Stapleton, J. J., MacDonald, I. C. & Paterson, D. H. (1981). Daily energy expenditure of young boys as related to maximal aerobic power. Canadian Journal of Applied Sports Science 6, 207–211.Google ScholarPubMed
Darke, S. J. & Disselduff, M. M. (1981). A Nutrition Study of Primary School Children Aged 10-12 Years in Bristol, Croydon and Sheffield Made in the First Three Months of 1971. Report on Health and Social Subjects no 21. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Darke, S. J., Disselduff, M. M. & Try, G. P. (1980). Frequency distributions of mean daily intakes of food energy and related nutrients obtained during nutrition surveys of different groups of people in Great Britain between 1968 and 1971. British Journal of Nutrition 44, 243–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, P. S. W., Livingstone, M. B. E., Prentice, A. M., Coward, W. A., Jagger, S. E., Stewart, C., Strain, J. J. & Whitehead, R. G. (1991). Total energy expenditure during childhood and adolescence. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50, 14A.Google Scholar
Dietz, W. H. & Strasburger, V. C. (1991). Children, adolescents and television. Current Problems in Pediatrics 1, 8–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, B., Bryce, W. T., Itami, R. & Paffenbarger, N. (1983). A controlled trial of a physical fitness program for fifth grade students. Journal of School Health 53, 467–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durant, R. H., Baranowski, J., Davis, H., Thompson, W. D., Puhl, J., Greaves, K. A. & Rhodes, T. (1992). Reliability and variability of heart rate monitoring in 3-, 4-, or 5-yr-old children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24, 265–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emons, H. J. G., Groenenboom, D. C., Westerterp, K. R. & Saris, W. H. M. (1992). Comparison of heart rate monitoring combined with indirect calorimetry, and the doubly labelled water method for the measurement of energy expenditure in children. European Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 99–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenster, J. R., Freedson, P. S., Washburn, R. A. & Curtis Ellison, R. (1989). The relationship between peak oxygen uptake and physical activity in 6- to 8-year-old children. Pediatric Exercise Science 1, 127–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitness Canada (1981). Canada Fitness Survey. Ottawa: Fitness Canada.Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements. Technical Report no. 724. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Gilliam, T. B., Freedson, P. S., Greenan, D. L. & Shahraray, B. (1981). Physical activity patterns determined by heart rate monitoring in 6-7 year-old children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 13, 65–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilliam, T. B. & MacConnie, S. E. (1984). Coronary heart disease risk in children and their physical activity patterns. In Advances in Pediatric Sport Sciences. vol. 1, Biological Issues, pp. 171–188 [Boilean, R. A., editor]. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Goran, M. I. (1994). Application of the doubly labelled water technique for studying total energy expenditure in young children: a review. Pediatric Exercise Science (In the Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goran, M. I., Carpenter, W. H. & Poehlman, E. T. (1993). Total energy expenditure in 4- to 6-yr old children. American Journal of Physiology 264, E706–E711.Google ScholarPubMed
Hackett, A. F., Rugg-Gunn, A. J., Appleton, D. R., Eastoe, J. E. & Jenkins, G. N. (1984). A 2-year longitudinal nutrition survey of 405 Northumberland children initially aged 11-15 years. British Journal of Nutrition 51, 67–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilmarinen, J. & Ruthenfranz, J. (1980). Longitudinal studies of the changes in habitual physical activity of schoolchildren and working adolescents. In Children and Exercise, pp. 149–159 [Berg, K. and Erikson, B. O., editors]. Baltimore: University Baltimore, Park Press.Google Scholar
Janz, K. F., Golden, J. C., Hansen, J. R. & Mahoney, L. T. (1992). Heart rate monitoring of physical activity and adolescents: the Muscatine study. Pediatrics 89, 256–261.Google ScholarPubMed
Klesges, L. M. & Klesges, R. C. (1987). The assessment of children's physical activity: a comparison of methods. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 511–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klesges, R., Klesges, L., Swenson, M. & Pheley, A. (1985). A validation of two motion sensors in the prediction of child and adult physical activity levels. American Journal of Epidemiology 122, 400–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krahenbuhl, G. S., Skinner, J. S. & Kohrt, W. M. (1985). Development aspects of maximal aerobic power in children. In Exercise and Sports Science Reviews, vol. 13, pp. 503–538 [Terjung, R. L., editor]. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press.Google Scholar
La Porte, R. E., Cauley, J. A., Kinsey, C. M., Corbett, W., Robertson, R., Black-Saunder, R., Kuller, C. H. & Falkel, J. (1982). The epidemiology of physical activity in children, college students, middle-aged men, menopausal females and monkeys. Journal of Chronic Disease 35, 787–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Porte, R., Montoye, H. & Casperson, C. (1985). Assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic research: Problems and prospects. Public Health Reports 100, 131–146.Google Scholar
Livingstone, M. B. E., Coward, W. A., Prentice, A. M., Davies, P. S. W., Strain, J. J., McKenna, P. G., Mahoney, C. A., White, J. A., Stewart, C. M. & Kerr, M. J. (1992). Daily energy expenditure in free-living children; comparison of heart-rate monitoring with the doubly labelled water (2H218O) method. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 343–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacConnie, S. E., Gilliam, T. B., Geenan, D. L. & Pels, A. E. (1982). Daily physical activity patterns of prepubertal children involved in a vigorous exercise program. International Journal of Sports Medicine 4, 194–198.Google Scholar
Mirwald, R. L., Bailey, D. A., Cameron, N. & Rasmussen, R. L. (1981). Longitudinal comparison of aerobic power in active and inactive boys aged 7.0 to 17.0 years. Annals of Human Biology 8, 405–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National and Technical Information Service (1985). National Children and Youth Fitness Study. Springfield, Va: National and Technical Information Service.Google Scholar
O'Hara, N., Baranowski, I., Simons-Morton, B. G. & Wilson, B. S. (1989). Validity of the observation of children's physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 60, 42–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pate, R. R. & Blair, S. N. (1978). Exercise and the prevention of atherosclerosis: paediatric implications. In Paediatric Aspects of Atherosclerosis, pp. 251–286 [Strong, W., editor]. New York: Grune & Stratton.Google Scholar
Riddoch, C., Mahoney, C., Murphy, N., Boreham, C. & Cran, G. (1991). The physical activity patterns of Northern Irish schoolchildren ages 11–16 years. Pediatric Exercise Science 3, 300–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riddoch, C. J., Murphy, N., Nicholls, A., van Wersche, A. & Cran, G. (1990). The Northern Ireland Health and Fitness Survey. Belfast: The Queen's University of Belfast.Google Scholar
Ross, J., Pate, P., Casperson, C., Danberg, C. & Suilar, M. (1987). Home and community in children's exercise habits. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 59, 85–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowland, T. W. (1985). Aerobic response to endurance training in prepubescent children: a critical analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17, 45–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sady, S. P. (1986). Cardiorespiratory exercise training in children. Clinics in Sports Medicine 5, 493–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sallis, J. F., Buono, M. J., Roby, J. J., Carison, D. & Nelson, J. A. (1990). The Caltrac accelerometer as a physical activity monitor for school-age children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Medicine 22, 698–703.Google ScholarPubMed
Saris, W. H. M. (1982). Aerobic Power and Daily Physical Activity in Children, pp. 100–176. Meppel, Netherlands: Kripps Repro.Google Scholar
Saris, W. H. M. (1986). Habitual physical activity in children: methodology and findings in health and disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18, 253–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saris, W. H. M., Emons, H. J. G., Groenenboom, K. R. & Westerterp, K. R. (1989). Discrepancy between FAO/WHO energy requirements and actual energy expenditure levels in healthy 7-11 yr old children. 14th International Seminar on Pediatric Work Physiology. Abstr.Google Scholar
Shasby, G. B. & Hagerman, F. C. (1975). The effects of conditioning on cardiorespiratory function in adolescent boys. Journal of Sports Medicine 3, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons-Morton, B., O'Hara, N., Simons-Morton, D. & Parcel, G. (1987). Children and fitness: A public health perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 58, 295–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunnegardh, J. & Bratteby, L. E. (1987). Maximal oxygen uptake, anthropometry and physical activity in a randomly related sample of 8 and 13 year old children in Sweden. European Journal of Applied Physiology 56, 266–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, H. & Hardman, A. E. (1977). Physical work performance in adolescent girls. Research Papers in Physical Education 3, 27–31.Google Scholar
Thorland, W. & Gilliam, T. (1981). Comparison of serum lipids between habitually high and low active pre-adolescent males. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 13, 316–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaccaro, P. & Mahon, A. D. (1987). Cardiorespiratory response to endurance training in children. Sports Medicine 4, 797–806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verschuur, R. & Kemper, H. C. (1985). Habitual physical activity in Dutch teenagers measured by heart rate. In Children and Exercise, vol. II, [Birkhorst, R. A., Kemper, H. C. G. and Saris, W. H., editors]. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kmetics.Google Scholar
Washburn, E. R. & Montoye, H. (1986). The assessment of physical activity by questionnaire. American Journal of Epidemiology 123, 563–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed