Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-g78kv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-31T08:31:42.123Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Changes in fat synthesis influenced by dietary macronutrient content

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

Elizabeth J. Parks
Elizabeth J. Parks*
Affiliation:
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St Paul, Minnesota 55108-6099, USA
*
Dr Elizabeth Parks, fax +1 612 625 5272, email eparks@umn.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

De novo lipogenesis is the biological process by which C2 precursors of acetyl-CoA are synthesized into fatty acids. In human subjects consuming diets higher in fat (>30 % energy), lipogenesis is down regulated and extremely low; typically < 10 % of the fatty acids secreted by the liver. This percentage will increase when dietary fat is reduced and replaced by carbohydrate, although the extent of carbohydrate-induced lipogenesis is dependent on the type of carbohydrate (monosaccharide v. polysaccharide) and the form in which the carbohydrate is fed (liquid meals, solid less-processed food). Clearly, massive overconsumption of carbohydrate can also increase lipogenesis. A second related phenomenon that occurs when dietary fat is reduced is hypertriacylglycerolaemia. This rise in blood triacylglycerol concentration could be due to increased de novo lipogenesis or to reduced clearance of lipid from the blood. The present paper will review the metabolic mechanisms leading to the elevations in blood triacylglycerol concentration that occur with dietary fat reduction. Studies considered will be those investigating fatty acid synthesis in subjects chronically fed low-fat high-carbohydrate diets and studies in which data were obtained in both the fasted and fed states. Also summarized will be data from subjects who had consumed diets of different carbohydrate types, as well as the most recent data from postprandial studies investigating factors that affect the magnitude of the rise in blood lipids following a meal. Given the changing availability of carbohydrate in the food supply, it will be important to understand how the balance of fat and carbohydrate in the diet influences lipogenesis, and the relative contribution of the process of de novo lipogenesis to the escalating incidence of obesity observed around the world.

Type
Macronutrient Metabolism Group Symposium on ‘Dietary fat: how low should we go?’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 61 , Issue 2 , May 2002 , pp. 281 - 286
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2002

References

Aarsland, A, Chinkes, D & Wolfe, RR (1997) Hepatic and wholebody fat synthesis in humans during carbohydrate overfeeding. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 1174–1182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, JW, O'Neal, DS, Riddell-Mason, S, Floore, TL, Dillon, DW & Oeltgen, PR (1995) Postprandial serum glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein responses to high- and low-fiber diets. Metabolism 44, 848–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, MA (1998) Plasma triglyceride as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 13, 14B–17B.Google Scholar
Austin, MA, Holkanson, JE & Edwards, KL (1998) Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. American Journal of Cardiology 81, 7B–12B.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baba, NH, Sawaya, S, Torbay, N, Habbal, Z, Azar, S & Hashim, SA (1999) High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 23, 1202–1206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, D, Gramlich, A, Brehme, U, Kahle, PF & Schmahl, FW (1997) Post-prandial lipaemia after a moderate fat challenge in normolipidaemic men with and without coronary artery disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 4, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohn, JS (1998) Postprandial lipemia: emerging evidence for atherogenicity of remnant lipoproteins. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 14, 18B–27B.Google ScholarPubMed
Devaraj, S, Vega, G, Lange, R, Grundy, SM & Jialal, I (1998) Remnant-like particle cholesterol levels in patients with dysbetalipoproteinemia or coronary artery disease. American Journal of Medicine 104, 445–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dreon, DM, Fernstrom, HA, Williams, PT & Krauss, RM (2000) Reduced LDL particle size in children consuming a very low-fat diet is related to parental LDL-subclass patterns. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 1611–1616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gambera, PJ, Schneeman, BO & Davis, PA (1995) Use of the Food Guide Pyramid and US Dietary Guidelines to improve dietary intake and reduce cardiovascular risk in active-duty Air Force members. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, 1268–1273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbons, GF (1990) Assembly and secretion of hepatic very-lowdensity lipoprotein. Biochemical Journal 268, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbons, GF (1994) A comparison of in-vitro models to study hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Current Opinion in Lipidology 5, 191–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbons, GF, Bartlett, SM, Sparks, CE & Sparks, JD (1992) Extracellular fatty acids are not utilized directly for the synthesis of very-low-density lipoprotein in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Biochemical Journal 287, 749–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, GF & Burnham, FJ (1991) Effect of nutritional state on the utilization of fatty acids for hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion as very-low-density lipoprotein. Biochemical Journal 275, 87–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harbis, A, Defoort, C, Narbonne, H, Juhel, C, Senft, M, Latge, C, Delenne, B, Portugal, H, Atlan-Gepner, C, Vialettes, B & Lairon, D (2001) Acute hyperinsulinism modulates plasma apolipoprotein B-48 triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in healthy subjects during the postprandial period. Diabetes 50, 462–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudgins, LC, Hellerstein, MK, Seidma, CE, Neese, RA, Tremaroli, JD & Hirsch, J (2000) Relationship between carbohydrateinduced hypeitriglyceridemia and fatty acid synthesis in lean and obese subjects. Journal of Lipid Research 41, 595–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyson, DA, Mueller, WM & Kasim-Karakas, S (1999) Impact of dietary fat intake on postprandial lipemic response in postmenopausal women. FASEB Journal 13, A213.Google Scholar
Kasim-Karakas, SE, Almario, RU, Mueller, WM & Peterson, J (2000) Changes in plasma lipoproteins during low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets: effects of energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 1439–1447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasim-Karakas, SE, Lane, E, Almario, R, Mueller, W & Walzem, R (1997) Effects of dietary fat restriction on particle size of plasma lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Metabolism 46, 431–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lammert, O, Grunnet, N, Faber, P, Bjornsbo, KS, Dich, J, Larsen, LO, Neese, RA, Hellerstein, MK & Quistorff, B (2000) Effects of isoenergetic overfeeding of either carbohydrate or fat in young men. British Journal of Nutrition 84, 233–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, GF, Uffelman, KD, Szeto, LW & Steiner, G (1993) Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on VLDL triglyceride and VLDL apoB production in normal weight and obese individuals. Diabetes 42, 833–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, GF, Uffelman, KD, Szeto, LW, Weller, B & Steiner, G (1995) Interaction between free fatty acids and insulin in the acute control of very low density lipoprotein production in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 95, 158–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, AH & Van Horn, L (1998) Very low fat diets. Circulation 98, 935–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, S, Willett, WC, Stampfer, MJ, Hu, FB, Franz, M, Sampson, L, Hennekens, CH & Manson, JE (2000) A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 1455–1461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNamara, JR, Shah, PK, Nakajima, K, Cupples, LA, Wilson, PW, Ordovas, JM & Schaefer, EJ (1998) Remnant lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride reference ranges from the Framingham Heart Study. Clinical Chemistry 44, 1224–1232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcoux, C, Hopkins, PN, Wang, T, Leary, ET, Nakajima, K, Davignon, J & Cohn, JS (2000) Remnant-like particle cholesterol and triglyceride levels of hypertriglyceridemic patients in the fed and fasted state. Journal of Lipid Research 11, 1428–1436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marques-Lopes, I, Ansorena, D, Astiasaran, I, Forga, L & Martinez, JA (2001) Postprandial de novo lipogenesis and metabolic changes induced by a high-carbohydrate, low-fat meal in lean and overweight men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 253–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, M (1999) Triglyceride as a risk factor, epidemiology. Lipids 34, S267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittendorfer, B & Sidosis, LS (2001) Mechanism for the increase in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations after consumption of short-term, high-carbohydrate diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 892–899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortega, RM & Andres, P (1996) Dietary carbohydrates and weight loss. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64, 823–828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otto, C, Pschierer, V, Soennichsen, AC, Schwandt, P & Richter, WO (1997) Postprandial hemorrheology and apolipoprotein B metabolism in patients with familiar hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 46, 1299–1304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks, E, & Hellerstein, MK (2000) Carbohydrate-induced hyper-triacylglycerolemia: An historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 412–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parks, EJ (2002) The relationship of the glycemic index to lipogenesis in humans. In proceedings of the 6th (Millennium) Vahouny Conference. [Kritchevsky, D, editor]. NewYork: Kluwer/Plenum Press(In the Press).Google Scholar
Parks, EJ, Krauss, RM, Christiansen, MP, Neese, RA& Hellerstein, MK (1999) Effects of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on VLDL-triglyceride assembly, production and clearance. Journal of Clinical Investigation 104 1087–1096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parks, EJ, Rutledge, JC, Davis, PA, Hyson, DA, & Schneeman, BO& Kappagoda, CT (2001) Predictors of plasma triglyceride elevation in patients participating in a coronary atherosclerosis treatment program. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 21 73–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Retzlaff, BM, Walden, CE, Dowdy, AA, McCann, BS, Anderson, KV & Knopp, RH (1995) Changes in plasma triacylglycerol concerntrations among free-living hyperlipidemic men adoptingdifferent carbohydrate intakes over 2y: The dietary alternatives study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62 988–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudel, LL (1998) Low-fat diets.. New England Journal of Medicine 338 127.Google ScholarPubMed
Schwarz, JM, Neese, RA, Turner, S, Dare, D, & Hellerstein, MK (1995) Short-term alterations in Carbohydrate energy intake in humans: striking effects on hepatic glucose production, do novo lipogenesis, lipolysis, and whole-body fuel selection. Journal of Clinical Investigation 96 2735–2743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strain, GW (1998) Low-fat diets, New England Journal of Medicine 338, 128.Google ScholarPubMed
Watkin, DM, Froeb, HF, Hatch, FT & Gutman, AB (1950) Effects of diet in essential hypertension. II. Results with unmodified Kempner rice diet in fifty hospitalized patients. American Journal of Medicine 9, 441–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, BM & Piche, LA (1999) Replacement of carbohydrate by protein in a conventional-fat diet reduces cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy normolipidemic subjects. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 22, 140–148.Google Scholar