Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4rdrl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-23T12:35:07.732Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The application of nutritional science to clinical practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

M. Elia
Affiliation:
Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2DH
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Keynote Lecture 1
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1994

References

Adam, D. J. D., Hansen, A. E. & Weise, H. F. (1958). Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition. II. Effect of linoleic acid on caloric intake. Journal of Nutrition 86, 555564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, S., Dellinger, E. P., Wertz, M. J., Oreskovich, K., Simonowitz, D. & Johansen, K. (1986). Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: a randomised prospective trial. Journal of Trauma 26, 882891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, S., Yeh, Y.-Y. & Jensen, G. L. (1993). Changes in plasma erythrocyte fatty acids in patients fed enteral formulas containing different fats. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 17, 3034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, W. (1990). Nutrition and translocation. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14, 17051745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alverdy, J. C., Aoys, E. & Moss, G. S. (1988). Total parenteral nutrition promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surgery 104, 185190.Google ScholarPubMed
Alverdy, J. C. & Burke, D. (1992). Total parenteral nutrition: Iatrogenic immunosuppression. Nutrition 8, 359365.Google ScholarPubMed
Alverdy, J., Chi, H. S. & Sheldon, G. F. (1985). The effect of parenteral nutrition on gastrointestinal immunity. The importance of enteral stimulation. Annals of Surgery 202, 681693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anon (1985). Intestinal ornithine synthesis from glutamic acid. Nutrition Reviews 43, 119121.Google Scholar
Belcher, H. J. C. R., Mercer, D., Judkins, K. C., Shalaby, S., Wise, S., Marks, V. & Tanner, N. S. B. (1989). Biosynthetic growth hormone in burned patients: a pilot study. Burns 15, 99107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, E. D., Anton, A. H. & Bullock, B. (1984). The effect of manganese inhalation on basal ganglia dopamine concentration in rhesus monkey. Neurotoxicology 1, 5966.Google Scholar
Boeckman, C. R. & Krill, C. E. (1970). Bacterial and fungal infections complicating parenteral alimentation in infants and children. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 5, 117126.Google Scholar
Border, J. R., Hassett, J., LaDuca, J., Seibel, R., Steinberg, S., Mills, B., Losi, P. & Border, D. (1987). The gut origin septic states in blunt multiple trauma (ISS = 40) in the ICU. Annals of Surgery 206, 427448.Google Scholar
Borkman, M., Storlein, L. H., Pan, D. A., Jenkins, A. B., Chisholm, D. J. & Campbell, L. V. (1993). The relationship between insulin sensitivity and the fatty-acid composition of skeletal-muscle phospholipids. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 238244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burr, G. O. & Burr, M. D. (1929). A new deficiency disease provided by rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. Journal of Biological Chemistry 82, 345367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, T. A., Morrissey, T., Zeigler, T. R., Gatzen, C., Young, V. L. & Wilmore, D. W. (1992). Growth hormone, glutamine and fiber enhance adaptation of remnant bowel following massive intestinal resection. Surgical Forum 43, 151153.Google Scholar
Canadian Orthopedic Perioperative Erythropoietin Study Group (1993). Effectiveness of perioperative recombinant human erythropoietin in elective hip replacement. Lancet 341, 12271232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwals, W. J. & Bistrian, B. R. (1991). Role of exogenous growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in malnutrition and acute metabolic stress: a hypothesis. Critical Case Medicine 19, 13171322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, F. D., Sinclair, A. J., Royle, J. P., Coats, D. A., Maynard, A. J. & Leonard, R. F. (1971). Plasma lipids in human linoleic acid deficiency. Nutrition and Metabolism 13, 150167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, J. A., Wise, W. C., Knapp, D. R. & Halushka, P. V. (1981). Essential fatty acid deficient rats: a new model for evaluating arachidonate metabolism in shock. Advances in Shock Research 6, 93105.Google ScholarPubMed
Cotzias, G. C., Horiuchi, K., Fuenzalida, S. & Mena, I. (1968). Chronic manganese poisoning. Clearance of tissue manganese concentrations with persistence of the neurological picture. Neurology 18, 376382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Couper, J. (1837). On the effects of black oxide of manganese when inhaled into the lung. British Annals of Medicine, Pharmacy, Vital Statistics and General Science 1, 4142.Google Scholar
Dahn, M. S., Large, M. P. & Jacobs, L. A. (1988). Insulin-like growth factor production is inhibited in human sepsis. Archives of Surgery 123, 14091414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deitch, E. A. (1992). Multiple organ failure. Annals of Surgery 216, 117134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deitch, E. A., Weng-Jing, , Ma, L., Berg, R. D. & Specian, R. D. (1990). Protein malnutrition predisposes to inflammatory-induced gut-origin septic state. Annals of Surgery 211, 560568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of Health (1991). Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Dionigi, R., Dominioni, L., Gnes, F. & Ballabio, A. (1977). The effects of total parenteral nutrition on immunodepression due to malnutrition. Annals of Surgery 185, 467–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudrick, S. J., Wilmore, D. W., Vars, H. M. & Rhoads, J. E. (1968). Can intravenous feeding as the sole means of nutrition support growth in the child and restore weight loss in an adult? An affirmative answer. Annals of Surgery 169, 974984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elia, M. (1990). Artificial nutritional support. Medicine International 82, 33923396.Google Scholar
Elia, M. (1992). Glutamine in parenteral nutrition. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 43, 4759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elia, M. (1993). Artificial nutritional support in clinical practice in Britain. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians 27, 815.Google Scholar
Elia, M., Goren, A., Behrens, R., Barber, R. W. & Neale, G. (1987). Evaluation of mannitol, lactulose and 31Cr-labelled ethylenediamine-tetraacetate as markers of intestinal permeability in man. Clinical Science 73, 197204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eschbach, J. W., Abdulhadi, M. H., Browne, J. K., Delano, B. G., Downing, M. R., Egrie, J. C., Evans, R. W., Friedman, E. A., Graber, S. E., Haley, N. R., Korbet, S., Krantz, S. B., Lundin, A. P., Nissenson, A. R., Ogden, D. A., Paganini, E. P., Rader, B., Rutsky, E. A., Stivelman, J., Stone, W. J., Teschan, P., Van Stone, J. C., Van Wyck, D. B., Zuckerman, K. & Adamson, J. W. (1989). Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemic patients with end-stage renal disease. Results of a phase III multicentre clinical trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 111, 9921000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eschbach, J. W., Egrie, J. C., Downing, M. R., Browne, J. K. & Adamson, J. W. (1987). Correction of the anemia of end-stage renal disease with recombinant human erythropoietin. Results of a combined phase I and II clinical trials. New England Journal of Medicine 316, 7378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fong, Y., Marano, M. A., Barber, A., He, W., Moldawer, L. L., Bushman, E. D., Coyle, S. M., Shires, G. T. & Lowry, S. F. (1989). Total parenteral nutrition and bowel rest modify the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. Annals of Surgery 210, 449457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukushima, R., Gianotti, L., Alexander, J. W. & Pyles, T. (1992). The degree of bacterial translocation is a determinant factor for mortality after burn injury and is improved by prostaglandin analogues. Annals of Surgery 216, 438445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, D. S., Takahashi, M., Bauer, M. & Bray, G. A. (1991). Changes in individual free fatty acids in obese females during fasting and refeeding. International Journal of Obesity 15, 163168.Google ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, D. M., Copp, D. H. & Cuthbertson, E. M. (1943). Studies in mineral metabolism with the aid of artificial radioactive isotopes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 147, 749756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimble, R. F. (1992). Dietary manipulation of the inflammatory response. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 51, 285294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hankins, D. A., Reilla, M. C., Scribner, B. H. & Babb, A. L. (1979). Whole blood tracl element concentrations during total parenteral nutrition. Surgery 76, 674677.Google Scholar
Hanning, R. M., Atkinson, S. A. & Whyte, R. K. (1991). Efficacy of calcium glycerophosphate vs conventional mineral salts for total parenteral nutrition in low-birth-weight infants: a randomized controlled clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 905908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, A. E., Haggard, M. E., Boelsche, A. N., Adam, D. J. D. & Wiese, H. F. (1958). Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition. III. Clinical manifestations of linoleic acid deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 66, 565576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, A. E. & Wiese, H. F. (1954). Essential fatty acids and human nutrition. 11. Serum level for unsaturated fatty acids in poorly nourished infants and children. Journal of Nutrition 52, 367374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horber, F. F. & Haymond, M. W. (1990). Human growth hormone prevents protein catabolic side effects of prednisolone in rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation 86, 265272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, E., Hori, S., Narumi, Y., Fujita, M., Kariyama, K., Kadota, T. & Kurodu, C. (1991) Portal-systemic encephalopathy: presence of basal ganglia lesions with high signal intensity on MK images. Radiology 119, 551555.Google Scholar
Inoue, S., Epstein, M. D., Alexander, J. W., Trocki, O., Jacobs, P. & Gura, P. (1989). Prevention of yeast translocation across the gut by a single enteral feeding after burn injury. Journal of Parenferal arid Enteral Nutrition 13, 565571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jetton, M. M., Sullivan, J. F. & Burch, R. E. (1976). Trace element contamination of intravenous solutions. Archives of Internal Medicine 136, 782784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, Z.-M., He, G.-Z., Zang, S.-Y., Wang, X.-R., Yang, N.-F., Zu, Y. & Wilmore, D. W. (1989). Low dose growth hormone and hypocaloric nutrition attenuate the protein catabolic response after major operation. Surgery 210, 513523.Google ScholarPubMed
Jones, A. L. (1984). The intestinal immune system: a time for the reaper. Gastroenterology 87, 234237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsella, J. E., Lokesh, B., Broughton, S. & Whelan, J. (1990). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids: potential effects on the modulation of inflammatory and immune cellis: an overview. Nutrition 6, 2444.Google Scholar
Kudsk, K. A., Carpenter, G., Petersen, S. & Sheldon, G. F. (1981). Effect of enteral and parenteral feeding in malnourished rats with E. coli-hemoglobin adjuvant peritonitis. Journal of Surgical Research 13, 105110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kudsk, K., Groce, M. A., Fabian, T. C., Minard, G., Tolley, E. A., Poret, A., Kuhl, M. R. & Brown, R. O. (1992). Enteral versus parenteral feeding. Annals of Surgery 215, 503513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kudsk, K. A., Stone, J. M., Carpenter, G. & Sheldon, G. F. (1983). Enteral and parenteral feeding influences mortality after hemoglobin-E. coli peritonitis in normal rats. Journal of Trauma 22, 605609.Google Scholar
Kupfer, S. R., Underwood, L. E., Baxter, R. C. & Clemmons, D. R. (1993). Enhancement of the anabolic effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 by use of both agents simultaneously. Journal of Clinical Investigation 91, 391396.Google Scholar
Kurkus, J., Alcock, N. & Shils, M. (1984). Manganese content of large volume parenteral solutions and of nutrient additives. Journal of Parenterul and Enteral Nutrition 8, 254257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowry, S. F. (1990). The route of feeding influences the injury response. Journal of Trauma 30, S10S15.Google Scholar
Lucas, A., Bloom, R. & Aynsley-Green, A. (1986). Gut hormones and minimal enteral feeding. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75, 719723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCance, R. A. & Widdowson, E. M. (1943). Iron excretion and metabolism in man. Nature 152, 326327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, M. L. & Rogers, Q. R. (1984). Nutrition of the domestic cat. a mammalian carnivore. Annual Review of Nutrition 4, 521562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manson, J. McK. & Wilmore, D. W. (1986). Positive nitrogen balance with human growth hormone andhypocaloric intravenous feeding. Surgery 100, 188197.Google Scholar
Mascioli, E. A., Iwasa, Y., Trimbo, S., Leader, L., Bistrian, B. R. & Blackburn, G. L. (1989). Endotoxin challenge after menhaden oil diet: effect on survival of guinea pigs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 277282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mena, I. (1981). Trace minerals. In Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, vol. 1, pp. 233270 [Bronner, F. and Coburn, J., editors]. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mena, I., Marin, O., Fuenzalida, S. & Cotzias, G. C. (1967). Chronic manganese poisoning. Clinical picture and manganese turnover. Neurology 17, 128136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metchkinoff, E. (1908). The Nature of Man: Studies in Opportunistic Philosophy [Mitchell, P. C., editor]. New York: G. P. Putnams & Sons.Google Scholar
Mirowitz, S. A. & Westrich, T. J. (1992). Basal ganglia1 signal intensity alterations: reversal after discontinuation of parenteral manganese administration. Radiology 185, 535536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirowitz, S. A., Westrich, T. J. & Hirsh, J. D. (,1991). Hyperintense basal ganglia on T1-weighted images in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Radiology 181, 117120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mjaaland, M., Unieberg, K., Bjoro, T. & Revhaug, A. (1993). Growth hormone treatment after abdominal surgery decreased carbohydrate oxidation and increased fat oxidation in patients with total parenteral nutrition. Metabolism 42, 185190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, E. E. & Jones, T. N. (1986). Benefits of immediate jejunostomy feeding after major abdominal trauma – prospective randomised study. Journal of Trauma 26, 874881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, E. & Moore, F. (1991). Immediate enteral nutrition following multisystem trauma: a decade perspective. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 10, 633648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, F. A., Feliciano, D. V., Andrassy, R. J., McArdle, A. H., Booth, F. V. McL., Morgenstein-Wagner, T. B., Kellum, J. M., Welling, R. E. & Moore, E. E. (1992). Early enteral feeding compared with parenteral, reduces post-operative septic complications. The results of a meta analysis. Annals of Surgery 1216, 172183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moulin, G. C. D., Hedley-Whyte, J., Paterson, D. G. & Lisbon, A. (1982). Aspiration of gastric bacteria in antacid-treated patients: a frequent cause of post-operative colonization of the airway. Lancet 1, 242245.Google Scholar
National Academy of Sciences (1980). Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
National Academy of Sciences (1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Newland, C. M., Ceckler, T. L., Kordower, J. H. & Weiss, B. (1989). Visualizing manganese in the primate basal ganglia with magnetic resonance imaging. Experimental Neurology 106, 251258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, J. H., Neff, T. A. & Ziporin, P. (1977). Acute respiratory failure associated with hypophosphatemia. Medical Intelligence 296, 11011103.Google ScholarPubMed
Ozalp, L., Young, V. R., Nagchaudhuri, J., Tontisirin, K. & Scrimshaw, N. S. (1972). Plasma amino acid response in young men given diets devoid of single essential amino acids. Journal of Nutrition 102, 11471158.Google Scholar
Palombo, J. D., Bistrian, B. R., Fechner, K. D., Blackburn, G. L. & Forse, R. A. (1993). Rapid incorporation of fish oil or olive oil fatty acids into rat hepatic sinusoidal cell phospholipids after continuous enteral feeding during endotoxaemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 643649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pape, G. S., Freidman, M., Underwood, L. E. & Clemmons, D. R. (1991). The effect of growth hormone on weight gain and pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive airways lung disease. Chest 99, 14951500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, C. L., Mulholland, S. G. & Anwar, H. (1979). Antibacterial activity of bladder surface mucin duplicated by exogenous glycosaminoglycan (heparin). Infection and Immunity 24, 552557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulsrud, J. R., Pensler, L., Whitten, C. F., Stewart, S. & Holman, R. T. (1972). Essential fatty acid deficiency in infants induced by fat-free intravenous feeding. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 25, 897904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, S. R., Kudsk, K. A., Carpenter, G. & Sheldon, G. (1981). Malnutrition and immunocompetence: increased mortality following an infectious challenge during hyperalimentation. Journal of Trauma 21, 528533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, G. D. & Garnys, V. P. (1981). Trace element balance in adults receiving parenteral nutrition: preliminary data. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 5, 1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pomposelli, J. J., Flores, E. A., Blackburn, G. L., Zeisel, S. H. & Bistrian, B. R. (1991). Diets enriched with n-3 fatty acids ameliorate lactic acidosis by improving endotoxin-induced tissue hypoperfusion in guinea pigs. Annals of Surgery 213, 166176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, D. S., Shih, M.-S. & Mohini, R. (1993). Effect of serum parathyroid hormone and bone marrow fibrosis on the response to erythropoietin in uremia. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 171175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, Q. R. & Phang, J. M. (1985). Deficiency of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase in the intestinal mucosa of the cat. Journal of Nutrition 115, 146150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudman, D., Kutner, M., Ansley, J., Jansen, R., Chipponi, J. & Bain, R. P. (1981). Hypotyrosinemia, hypocystinemia and failure to retain nitrogen during total parenteral nutrition of cirrhotic patients. Gastroenterology 81, 10251035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudman, D., Millikan, W. J., Richardson, T. J., Bixler, T. J., Stackhouse, W. J. & McGarrity, W. C. (1975). Elemental balances during intravenous hyperalimentation of underweight adult subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigation 55, 94104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saito, H., Trocki, O., Alexander, J. W., Kopcha, R., Heyd, T. & Joffe, S. N. (1987). The effect of route of nutrient administration on the nutritional state, catabolic state, catabolic hormone secretion and gut mucosal integrity after burn injury. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 11, 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shenkin, A., Fell, G. S., Halls, D. J., Dunbar, P. M., Holbrook, I. B. & Irving, M. H. (1986). Essential trace element provision to patients receiving home intravenous nutrition in the United Kingdom. Clinical Nutrition 5, 9197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sitrin, M. D. & Wood, R. J. (1983). Clinical signs and management of hypophosphataemia. Clinical Consultations in Nutritional Support 3, 16.Google Scholar
Snyder, D. K., Clemmons, D. R. & Underwood, L. E. (1988). Treatment of obese diet-restricted subjects with growth hormone for 11 weeks: effects of anabolism, lipolysis and body composition. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 67, 5461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Troche, G. (1993). Translocation bacterienne: place de la nutrition artificielle. (Bacterial translocation: the role of artificial nutrition.) Nutrition CIinique et Metabolisme 7, 101110.Google Scholar
Weinsier, R. L. & Krumdieck, C. L. (1981). Death resulting from overzealous total parenteral nutrition: the refeeding syndrome revisited. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 393399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wene, J. D., Connor, W. E. & Besben, L. D. (1975). The development of essential fatty acid deficiency in healthy men fed fat free diets intravenously and orally. Journal of Clinical Investigation 56, 127134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiese, H. F., Gibbs, R. H. & Hansen, E. (1954). Essential fatty acids and human nutrition. I. Serum levels for unsaturated fatty acids in healthy children. Journal of Nutrition 52, 355365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winearls, C. G., Pippard, M. J., Downing, M. R., Oliver, D. O., Reid, C. & Cotes, P. M. (1986). Effect of human erythropoietin derived from recombinant DNA on the anaemia of patients maintained by chronic haemodialysis. Lancet 11, 11751177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winters, R. W., Heird, W. C. & Dell, R. B. (1983). Parenteral amino acid nutrition in infants. In Amino Acids, Metabolism and Medical Applications, pp. 327336 [Blackburn, G. L., Grant, J. P. and Young, V. R., editors], Boston, Bristol, London: John Wright PSG Inc.Google Scholar
Wretlind, A. (1992). Recollections of pioneers in nutrition: Landmarks in the development of parenteral nutrition. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 11, 366373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziegler, T. R., Smith, R. J., Byrne, T. A. & Wilmore, D. W. (1993). Potential role of glutamine supplementation in nutrition support. Clinical Nutrition 12, Suppl. 1, 582590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar