Sources from Ancient Mesopotamia contain mention of transient astronomical phenomena in two contexts: in records of observations, many of which can be dated, and in collections of omens, which use the appearance of such phenomena to predict future events. These omens consider quite a range of phenomena, but only rarely can they be dated in a precise way. This paper describes how transient phenomena were handled in both kinds of context.

This paper brings together the chief points raised during FM5 by astronomers, archaeologists, and historians whose research interests centred on novæ and supernovæ. The common focus was the use of historical observations to study transient astronomical phenomena. The presenters covered a wide variety of topics within that theme, and this report summarizes some of the aspects specific to historical novæ and supernovæ.

Stone inscriptions from all over India provide records of eclipses, solstices and planetary conjunctions. Extending the study to South Asia, to include Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Thailand, threw light on many new aspects such as evolution of calendars independently from the influence of Indian system of time measurement as early as the 3rd Century BCE. Many interesting records of planetary conjunctions are available. One record from Cambodia hints at a possible sighting of the 1054 supernova, while another from Thailand suggests a pre-planetary nebula event.

The name of Kepler is inseparably associated with the supernova of 1604 (SN 1604; V843 Ophiuchi), but there are reasons why Galileo Galilei might also claim to leave his name on that phenomenon, given the assiduousness of his observations.

This paper discussed whether 17th Century observers left historical records of the plasma tails of comets that would be adequate to enable us to extract the physical parameters of the solar wind. The size of the aberration angle between a comet’s tail and its radius-vector defines the type of the tail: plasma or dust. We considered Bredikhin’s calculations of the parameters for 10 comet tails observed during the Maunder minimum (1645 – 1715). For those comets the angle between the tail’s axis and the radius-vector on average exceeded the value of 10° that is typical for dust tails. It was noted that visual observations of the ion tails of comets are very difficult to make owing to the spectral composition of their radiation, confirming the conclusion that observations of comet tails made in the 17th Century are not suitable for deriving past values of the physical parameters of the solar wind.

The open-source desktop planetarium Stellarium has become very popular in astronomical education and outreach. Our recent changes aim for its applicability in historical and archaeoastronomical simulation contexts. Apart from visualizing the seemingly perpetual regular motions of the celestial bodies, it can be used to visualize and demonstrate historical solar and lunar eclipses, historical and present comets, meteors, and also novae and supernovae.

This poster paper described initial results of recent meteor observations in Kazan obtained with a new meteor radar, SKiYMET. Significant improvements in the number of registrations are being recorded, enabling better statistics.

Radar observations of meteors have been carried out and archived since the mid-20th Century; at Kazan University (56°N, 49°E) they commenced in 1956, and have continued with only a few interruptions. A quasi-tomographic method (developed in-house in 2000) has been used to determine the coordinates of radiants of meteor showers, and to derive the orbital elements of small showers (microshowers).

The observations provide valuable information about the distribution of meteoric matter near the Earth’s orbit. That information supports studies of stratospheric temperatures. A new radar, SKiYMET, was deployed in 2015 and measured parameters such as meteor speeds, but in 2016 its software was supplemented by an in-house package which performed more efficient pre-filtering of the primary data to eliminate non-meteor reflections from various sources. The new filtering algorithm has reduced substantially the threshold S/N ratio for detecting meteors (so fainter meteors can now be recorded), while the package also enables meteor velocities to be calculated much more efficiently than with SKiYMET, improving significantly the quality and statistical indicators of the processed data. By detecting a much larger number of meteors, it enables more detailed studies of the distribution of meteor velocities per day and per season.

Daily meteor counts for 2016–2017, extracted from the observations by the KFU programme, yielded significantly higher rates than with SKiYMET. These results support much better statistics, and also enable much finer details to be discerned. In particular, plots of meteor rates against speed are found to exhibit two maxima, one near 30 km s−1 and one near 55 km s−1. This bifurcation in the relationship can also be discerned in the seasonal dependences of the speed distribution.

Improvements in the measurements of the speeds of meteor particles entering the atmosphere reveal an increase in the numbers with higher speeds (> 50 km s−1). The distributions of speeds and heights show a rather strong dependence of the meteor speed upon altitude; as predicted by meteor physics, those with higher speeds begin to burn at higher altitudes. A local increase in the number of meteors that have speeds of about 55 km s−1 has also been reported in the literature. The increase could be associated with heterogeneities in the distribution of meteoric matter in the vicinity of the Earth’s orbit.

The 6th Focus Meeting (FM6) at the XXXth IAU GA 2018 aimed at overviewing the rise in angular momentum (AM) science seen in the last 10 years and debating new emerging views on galaxy evolution. The foundational works on galaxy formation of the 1970s and 80s clearly exposed the fundamental role of AM, suspected since the time of Kant. However, quantitative progress on galactic AM remained hampered by observational and theoretical obstacles. Only in the last 10 years, numerical simulations began to produce galactic disks with realistic AM. Simultaneously, the fast rise of Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) and millimetre/radio interferometry have opened the door for systematic AM measurements, across representative samples and cosmic volumes. The FM bridged between cutting-edge observational programs and leading simulations in order to review, debate and resolve core issues on AM science, ranging from galactic substructure (e.g. gas fraction, turbulence, clumps) to global properties (e.g. size evolution, morphologies) and cosmology (spin alignment, cosmic origin of AM). The co-chairs and SOC members strived to assemble a representative selection of leading scientists in the field, while adhering to principles of equal opportunity and inclusivity.

Angular momentum (AM) is a key parameter to understand galaxy formation and evolution. AM originates in tidal torques between proto-structures at turn around, and from this the specific AM is expected to scale as a power-law of slope 2/3 with mass. However, subsequent evolution re-shuffles this through matter accretion from filaments, mergers, star formation and feedback, secular evolution and AM exchange between baryons and dark matter. Outer parts of galaxies are essential to study since they retain most of the AM and the diagnostics of the evolution. Galaxy IFU surveys have recently provided a wealth of kinematical information in the local universe. In the future, we can expect more statistics in the outer parts, and evolution at high z, including atomic gas with SKA.

A common thought in the 1950s was that galaxies rotate because they are remnants of primeval currents, as in turbulence. But this idea is quite unacceptable in an expanding universe described by general relativity theory. Since we are no smarter now than in the 1950s the lesson I draw is that we do well on occasion to pause to consider whether we might be missing something. An example is the pure disk galaxies that are so common nearby and so rare in simulations. We have something to learn from this.

Until a decade ago, galaxy formation simulations were unable to simultaneously reproduce the observed angular momentum (AM) of galaxy disks and bulges. Improvements in the interstellar medium and stellar feedback modelling, together with advances in computational capabilities, have allowed the current generation of cosmological galaxy formation simulations to reproduce the diversity of AM and morphology that is observed in local galaxies. In this review I discuss where we currently stand in this area from the perspective of hydrodynamical simulations, specifically how galaxies gain their AM, and the effect galaxy mergers and gas accretion have on this process. I discuss results which suggest that a revision of the classical theory of disk formation is needed, and by discussing what the current challenges are.

I review the insights emerging from recent large kinematic surveys of galaxies at low redshift, with particular reference to the SAMI, CALIFA and MaNGA surveys. These new observations provide a more comprehensive picture of the angular momentum properties of galaxies over wide ranges in mass, morphology and environment in the present-day universe. I focus on the distribution of angular momentum within galaxies of various types and the relationship between mass, morphology and specific angular momentum. I discuss the implications of the new results for models of galaxy assembly.

Galaxy formation is a very complex process in which many different physical mechanisms intervene. Within the LCDM paradigm processes such as gas inflows and outflows, mergers and interactions contribute to the redistribution of the angular momentum content of the structures. Recent observational results have brought new insights and also triggered several theoretical studies. Some of these new contributions will be analysed here.

Throughout the Hubble time, gas makes its way from the intergalactic medium into galaxies fuelling their star formation and promoting their growth. One of the key properties of the accreting gas is its angular momentum, which has profound implications for the evolution of, in particular, disc galaxies. Here, we discuss how to infer the angular momentum of the accreting gas using observations of present-day galaxy discs. We first summarize evidence for ongoing inside-out growth of star forming discs. We then focus on the chemistry of the discs and show how the observed metallicity gradients can be explained if gas accretes onto a disc rotating with a velocity 20 – 30% lower than the local circular speed. We also show that these gradients are incompatible with accretion occurring at the edge of the discs and flowing radially inward. Finally, we investigate gas accretion from a hot corona with a cosmological angular momentum distribution and describe how simple models of rotating coronae guarantee the inside-out growth of disc galaxies.

The present-time Milky Way (MW) radial metallicity gradient is a prime observable for galaxy evolution studies. Yet, a large diversity of measured gradients can be found in the literature, with values ranging from -0.01 to -0.09 dex kpc−1, depending on the tracers used. In order to understand if this diversity comes from Galactic evolution processes or observational biases, stellar probes uniformly distributed across the disc and with accurately known ages and distances are needed. Classical Cepheids fulfil all these requirements and have been used to measure accurate abundance gradients in the MW. Here, I summarise some of the recent results based on Cepheids and on other stellar probes of similar age, and briefly discuss their implication for Galactic evolution.

The study of radial metallicity gradients in the disc of the Milky Way is a powerful tool to understand the mechamisms that have been acting in the formation and evolution of the Galactic disc. In this proceeding, I will put the eye on some problems that should be carefully addressed to obtain precise determinations of the metallicity gradients.

Stellar metallicity gradients set important constraints on the formation and evolution history of the Milky Way. We present radial and vertical metallicity gradients of the Galactic disc for mono-age stellar populations from the LAMOST Galactic Surveys, and discuss their constraints on the disc assemblage history.

An overview of the Gaia-ESO Survey project is presented, with focus on open star clusters and their use to trace the radial metallicity gradient in the thin disc.