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Nineteen clinical cases of accidental hypothermia were treated with airway warming (AW) and the results compared with 18 cases which were allowed to rewarm spontaneously. AW accelerated the rate of rewarming and had beneficial effects on cardiac and cerebral function. In patients with chronic hypothermia, i.e. the elderly and those suffering from malnutrition, the accelerated rewarming increased the risk of developing pulmonary and/or cerebral edema which could prove fatal. The patients with acute hypothermia all rewarmed successfully but the mortality for the chronic hypothermic patients was higher in the AW group.
An increasing amount of medical equipment is brought to the scene of a medical emergency. Most of these apparatus seem to be only slightly modified versions of equipment originally designed to be used inside the hospital. This equipment has to function in various extreme environmental conditions.
ACLS for cardiac arrest consists of basic life support, which includes mouth-to-mouth breathing and external chest compression; management of the airway with adjunctive equipment including intubation and ventilator support with supplemental oxygen; recognition of specific cardiac dysrhythmias and appropriate emergency therapy; electrical defibrillation and cardioversion; techniques for placement of intravenous lines; diagnosis of and therapy for acidbase abnormalities with particular emphasis on respiratory and metabolic acidosis; drug therapy during the pre-arrest phase, the cardiac arrest itself, and the period following resuscitation; and stabilization, to prevent cardio-respiratory arrest, and during the post-resuscitation period. In 1975, the American Heart Association developed an ACLS Training Program in which cognitive knowledge is presented at lectures and practical skills are taught and tested at several performance stations.
The mortality rate for penetrating trauma of the abdomen has declined to a present rate of approximately 10%. However, blunt abdominal trauma still carries a high mortality, in some reports up to 30%. This is due mainly to major trauma with a resulting slow onset of symptoms sometimes resulting in a delay in diagnosis and treatment. One possible cause of delayed symptomatology after abdominal trauma could be delayed perforation of intestinal wall hemorrhages. A survey of the literature on this type of intestinal lesion was done in 1977 by Hughes et al, who found 260 clinical reports of intestinal wall hematomas.
Every new earthquake disaster revives the idea of earthquake prediction, the idea which was considered a few decades ago as a fantasy scientific endeavor. However, recent technical and scientific developments, as well as some social and economic pressures, have created a quite different atmosphere. Earthquake prediction has become a serious scientific activity combining the efforts and results of many disciplines, particularly those of the earth sciences. The principal purpose of earthquake prediction is to reduce the vulnerability of the population living within an earthquake prone region. For this reason, scientific disciplines other than seismology and geology are also involved; they include those dealing with various aspects of human response and environment.