Microenvironmental risks are largely unseen but not wholly uncontrollable. They are subject to exaggeration and misunderstanding but also to exacerbation, which can indeed be dangerous, and to amelioration, which requires a high degree of policy convergence. Technologically mediated alterations of the microenvironment have been both intentional and incidental; three types, while overlapping in mechanism and interactive in effect, may yet be distinguished by motivation: immunomodulation, chemotherapeusis and chemoprophylaxis, and species population management. Eight types of collective action are recommended to lessen microenvironmental risks. Their common feature is emphasis on ecological stability with quick identification and minimally disruptive containment of destabilizing elements on either side—microbial or human—of a highly dynamic and generally fruitful relationship. Their goal is “global microenvironmental community policing.”

Kin terms such as “brothers,” “sisters,” and “motherland” are frequently used in both political and patriotic speech. Johnson (1986, 1987) has argued that this use of kin terms in patriotic or rhetorical speech can be predicted on the basis of evolutionary psychology. He has suggested that the human inclination toward nepotistic behavior can be called forth by the successful manipulation of kin terminology. In this study, two hypotheses were examined concerning the evocativeness of kin terminology in political speech and the influence of birth order on the effectiveness of such terminology. The first hypothesis was that kin terms would be more effective than more distant relationship terms (like “friend”) in evoking a positive response. Kin terms elevated agreement with the views expressed in the speech that the subjects heard. The second hypothesis, that middleborns would be less likely to respond to such kin term usage than first or lastborns, was based on previous work on birth order and family relations (Salmon and Daly, in press). And in fact, middleborns were less likely to be influenced by the use of kin terms than first or lastborns in this study.

By drawing on ideas developed in evolutionary psychology, this article attempts to contribute to improved understanding of ethnic group formation and change. Specifically, the article asks whether and to what degree evolved mental capacities and dispositions, in interaction with human social environments, account for ethnic group formation. The central arguments are that, in recent millennia, evolved reasoning capabilities of humans have led to a revolution in the technologies of human mobility—and that this development has severed the nearly perfect association between social group formation based on functional advantages and social group formation based on perceived kinship. The scale, composition, and durability of contemporary ethnic groups are the consequence of individual tradeoffs in functionality and kinship values.