The programs in Ethnic Studies listed below are interdisciplinary: i.e., they combine courses in language, social or regional dialects, or literature with work in sociology, anthropology, history, or related fields. Programs concentrating exclusively (or nearly so) in language and literature (e.g., Scandinavian Studies) are omitted here, since they either operate within the context of departments whose names appear in the list of English and foreign language department chairmen, or are separate Area Studies Programs which are included in the list of Area Studies Programs appearing in this Directory.