Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-02T21:11:00.718Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Viruses–exploiters or dependants of the host?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Alison A. Newton
Alison A. Newton
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Viruses are frequently referred to as the supreme parasites and yet it is now more than 20 years since any paper on this topic was published in Parasitology. This deficiency probably reflects the great emphasis placed during the last two decades on those aspects of virology christened by Sir Christopher Andrewes ‘dream virology’ (Andrewes, 1973), namely the molecular and genetic properties of viruses, in contrast to the more clinical and biological aspects of ‘steam’ virology. Many modern virologists select a virus as a convenient model system with which to investigate such things as genetic organization or control of transcription, with little regard for the interaction with the host cell that supports its replication. Paradoxically, it is this very emphasis on the detailed molecular mechanisms of virus replication that has now put us in a better position to understand the relationships between these highly specialized parasites and their host systems than for any other type of parasite. Recent advances in cell biology coupled with an understanding of the molecular basis of viral replicative mechanisms mean that new insight is possible into the interactions of a virus with its host. For example, we are just beginning to appreciate why a virus should infect one individual and not another, or why it should multiply only in certain tissues at certain stages of development of a multicellular organism. Indeed, study of such tropisms may frequently tell us as much about the host cell as about the virus.

Type
Trends and Perspectives
Information
Parasitology , Volume 85 , Issue 1 , August 1982 , pp. 189 - 216
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aloni, Y. (1981). Splicing of viral mRNAs. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research (and Molecular Biology) 25, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alving, C. R., Schneider, I., Swaetz, G. M. & Steck, E. A. (1979). Sporozoite-induoed malaria; Effects of glycolipids in liposomes. Science 205, 1142–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ananthanarayan, R. (1954). The fabric of virus elementary bodies. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 35, 381–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Andrewes, C. H. (1973). Fifty years with viruses. Annual Review of Microbiology 27, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, M. E. (1981). Structural and functional evidence of cooperativity between membranes and cell wall in bacteria. International Review of Cytology 12, 39–70.Google ScholarPubMed
Benveniste, R. E. & Todaro, G. J. (1976). Evolution of type C viral genes: Evidence for an Asian origin of man. Nature, London 261, 101–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blobel, G. (1980). Intracellular protein topogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 77, 1496–1500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumenthal, T. (1980). Interaction of host-coded and virus-coded polypeptides in RNA phage replication. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 210, 321–35.Google ScholarPubMed
Boulan, E. R. & Pendergast, M. (1980). Polarized distribution of viral envelope proteins in the plasma membrane of infected epithelial cells. Cell 20, 45–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V. (1980). Structural function relationships of the gram negative bacterial cell envelope. In Relations Between Structure and Function in the Prokaryotic Cell. Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, vol. 28, (ed. Stanier, R. Y., Rogers, H. J. and Ward, B. J.), pp. 111–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bro-Jørgensen, K. (1978). The interplay between lymphocytic chorio-meningitis virus, immune function and haemopoiesis in mice. Advances in Virus Research 22, 327–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burness, A. T. H. & Pardoe, I. V. (1981). Effect of enzymes on the attachment of influenza and encephalomyocarditis viruses to erythrocytes. Journal of General Virology 55, 275–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, W. H. & Allison, A. C. (1977). Surface antigens of virus infected cells. In Virus Infection and the Cell Surface, (ed. Poste, G. and Nicholson, G. L.), pp. 213–247. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Casjens, S. & King, J. (1975). Virus assembly. Annual Review of Biochemistry 44, 555–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, S. S. (1968). Virus Induced Enzymes. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Comprehensive Virology. (1979). Immunity to Viruses, vol. 15 (ed. Fraenkel-Conrat, H. and Wagner, R. R.). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Crick, F. H. C. & Watson, J. D. (1957). The structure of small viruses. Nature, London 177, 473–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dales, S. (1973). Early events in cell–animal virus interactions. Bacteriological Reviews 37, 103–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dausset, J. (1977). Clinical implications (nosology, diagnosis, prognosis and preventive therapy). In HLA and Disease, (ed. Dausset, J. and Svejgaard, A.), pp. 296–310. Copenhagen: Munskgaard and Baltimore: Wilkins and Wilkins Co.Google Scholar
Doherty, P. C., Benwick, J. R., Effros, R. B. & Frankel, M. (1981). The dual specificity of virus immune T cells. Functional indications that virus and H-2 molecules may associate on the cell membrane. In Current Topics in Histocompatability, vol. 2 (ed. Reisfeld, R. A. and Ferrone, S.), pp. 35–57. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edson, K. M., Vinson, S. B., Stolz, D. B. & Summers, M. D. (1981). Viruses in a parasitoid wasp: Suppression of the cellular immune response in the parasitoids' host. Science 211, 582–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, R. L., Collett, M. S., Erikson, E. & Purchio, A. F. (1980). Towards a molecular description of cell transformation by avian sarcoma viruses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 210, 387–96.Google Scholar
Esau, K., Cronshaw, J. & Hoefert, L. L. (1967). Relation of beet yellows virus to the phloem and to movement in the sieve tubes. Journal of Cell Biology 32, 71–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, H. J. & Wildy, P. (1978). The pathogenicity of thymidine kinase deficient mutants of herpes simplex virus in mice. Journal of Hygiene 81, 267–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flint, S.J. (1981). Splicing and the regulation of viral gene expression. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 93, 47–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Flint, S. J. & Broker, T. K. (1980). Lytic infection by adenoviruses. In Molecular Biology of the Tumour Viruses, Part 2, DNA Tumour Viruses, (ed. Tooze, J.), pp. 443–546. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, 10B.Google Scholar
Gardner, M. B. (1980). Historical background. In Molecular Biology of RNA Tumour Viruses, (ed. Stephenson, J. R.), pp. 1–46. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Griffin, B. E. (1980). Structure and genomic organization of SV40 and polyoma virus. In Molecular Biology of Tumour Viruses, Part 2, DNA Tumour Viruses, (ed. Tooze, J.), pp. 61–123. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, 10B.Google Scholar
Harland, R. M. & Laskey, R. A. (1980). Regulated replication of DNA micro-injected into eggs of Xenopus laevis. Cell 21, 761–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayman, M. J. (1981). Transforming proteins of avian retroviruses. Journal of General Virology 52, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayman, M. J., Ramsay, G., Kitchener, G., Graf, T., Beug, H., Roussel, M., Saule, S. & Stehelin, D. (1980). Cell transformation by avian defective leukaemia viruses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 210, 397–409.Google ScholarPubMed
Haywood, A. M. (1975). ‘Phagocytosis‘ of Sendai virus by model membranes. Journal of General Virology 29, 63–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helenius, A., Marsh, M. & White, J. (1980). The entry of animal viruses into cells. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 5, 104–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helenius, A., Morein, B., Fries, E., Simons, S. K., Robinson, P., Schirrmaker, V., Terhorst, C. & Strominger, J. C. (1978). Human (HLA-A & HLA-B) and murine (H-2K & H-2D) histocompatability antigens on cell surface receptors for Semliki Forest virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 75, 3846–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herschko, A. & Fry, M. (1975). Post-translational cleavage of polypeptide chains; Role in assembly. Annual Review of Biochemistry 44, 775–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, J. J. (1964). Enterovirus entrance into specific host cells and subsequent alterations of cell protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Bacteriological Reviews 28, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holtzer, H. (1978). Cell lineages, stem cells and the ‘quantal’ cell cycle concept. In Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis. 2nd Symposium of the British Society for Cell Biology, (ed. Lord, B. I., Potten, C. S. and Cole, R. J.), pp. 1–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Howard, C. R. & Simpson, D. I. H. (1980). The biology of the arenaviruses. Journal of General Virology 51, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, C., Coward, J. E. & Fencer, T. W. (1980). Viral invasion: morphological, biochemical and biophysical aspects. In Comprehensive Virology, vol. 16 (ed. Fraenkel-Conrat, H. and Wagner, R. R.), pp. 1–71. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Inglis, M. M. & Newton, A. A. (1981). Comparison of the activities of HSV-1 and cellular mRNAs as templates for in vitro translation. Virology 110, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klenk, H.-D. & Rott, R. (1980). Co-translational and post-translational processing of viral glycoproteins. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 90, 19–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korant, B. D. (1979). Role of cellular and viral proteases in the processing of picornavirus proteins. In The Molecular Biology of the Picornaviruses, (ed. Pérez-Bercoff, R.), pp. 149–174. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornberg, A. (1980). DNA Replication. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Kozak, M. (1981). Mechanism of mRNA recognition by eukaryotic ribosomes during initiation of protein synthesis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 93, 81–123.Google ScholarPubMed
Kriel, G. (1981). Transfer of proteins across membranes. Annual Review of Biochemistry 50, 317–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristenssen, K. (1978). Retrograde transport of macromolecules in axons. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 18, 97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krug, R. M. (1981). Priming of influenza virus RNA transcription by capped heterologous RNAs. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 93, 125–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Lane, D. P. & Crawford, L. V. (1980). The complex between simian virus 40 T antigen and a host specific protein. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 210, 451–63.Google Scholar
Lenard, J. (1978). Virus envelopes and plasma membranes. Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering 7, 139–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenard, J. & Compans, R. W. (1974). The membrane structure of lipid containing viruses. Biochimica et biophysica acta 344, 51–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindberg, A. A. (1973). Bacteriophage receptors. Annual Review of Microbiology 27, 205–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindenmann, J. (1977). Host antigens in enveloped viruses. In Virus Infection and the Cell Surface, (ed. Poste, G. and Nicholson, G. L.), pp. 291–329. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Lonberg-Holm, K. & Philippson, L. (1974). Early Interactions Between Animal Viruses and Cells. Monographs in Virology, vol. 9. Basel: S. Karger.Google Scholar
Matthews, R. E. F. (1980). Host plant responses to infection. In Comprehensive Virology, vol. 16, (ed. Fraenkel-Conrat, H. and Wagner, R. R.), pp. 297–359. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meager, A. & Hughes, R. C. (1977). Virus receptors. In Receptors and Recognition, series A, 4 (ed. Cautrecasas, P. and Greaves, M. F.), pp. 141–95. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Murialdo, H. & Becker, A. (1978). Head morphogenesis of complex double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid bacteriophages. Microbiology Reviews, 42, 529–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naegele, R. F. & Granoff, A. (1980). The Lucké tumour and its herpesvirus. In Oncogenic Herpesviruses, vol. 1 (ed. Rapp, F.), pp. 85–102. Cleveland, Ohio: CRC Press Inc.Google Scholar
Nagai, Y., Klenk, H.-D. & Rott, R. (1976). Proteolytic cleavage of the viral glycoproteins and its significance for the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 72, 494–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newton, A. A. (1970). The requirements of a virus. In Organization and Control in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. XXth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, (ed. Charles, H. P. and Knight, B. C. J. G.), pp. 323–358. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Newton, A. A. (1977). Cellular functions required for replication of viruses. In CRC Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food, section D, vol. 1, (ed. Rechcigl, M.), pp. 21–6. Cleveland, Ohio: CRC Press Inc.Google Scholar
Notkins, A. L. (1977). Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. Archives of Virology 54, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onodera, T., Jenson, A. B., Yoon, J.-W. & Notkins, A. L. (1978). Virus induced diabetes mellitus; Reovirus infection of pancreatic β cells of mice. Science 201, 529–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pabanchych, W. (1975). Attachment, ejection and penetration stages of the RNA phage infectious process. In RNA Phages (ed. Zinder, N.), pp. 85–111. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.Google Scholar
Pearse, B. (1980). Coated vesicles. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 5, 131–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothman, J. E. & Fries, E. (1981). Transport of newly synthesized vesicular stomatitis viral glycoprotein to purified Golgi membranes. The Journal of Cell Biology 89, 162–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheid, A. & Choppin, P. (1976). Protease activation mutants of Sendai virus. Activation of biological properties by specific proteases. Virology 69, 265–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segal, S., Levine, A.J. & Khouey, G. (1979). Evidence for non-spliced SV40 RNA in undifferentiated murine teratocarcinoma stem cells. Nature, London 280, 335–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverstein, S.C., Steinman, R. M. & Cohn, Z. A. (1977). Endocytosis. Annual Review of Biochemistry 46, 669–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, K. & Gaboff, H. (1980). The budding mechanisms of enveloped animal viruses. Journal of General Virology 50, 1–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Skup, D., Zarbl, H. & Millward, S. (1981). Regulation of translation in L cells infected with reovirus. Journal of Molecular Biology 151, 35–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolz, D. B. & Bradleigh-Vinson, S. (1979). Viruses and parasitism in insects. Advances in Virus Research 24, 125–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todaro, G. J. (1980). Interspecies transmission of mammalian retroviruses. In Molecular Biology of RNA Tumour Viruses, (ed. Stephenson, J. R.), pp. 47–76. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Todaro, G. J., Callahan, R., Rapp, U. K. & De Larco, J. E. (1980). Genetic transmission of retroviral genes and cellular oncogenes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 210, 367–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Tooze, J. (1973). The Molecular Biology of the Tumour Viruses. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.Google Scholar
Tweeten, K. A., Bulla, L. A. & Consigli, R. A. (1981). Applied and molecular aspects of insect granulosis virus. Microbiology Reviews 45, 379–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, L. C. & Mullin, R. C. (1977). Transfer RNA in RNA tumour viruses. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology 20, 131–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, R. A. (1980). Integrated genomes of animal viruses. Annual Review of Biochemistry 49, 197–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, R. A. & Steffen, D. L. (1981). Regulation of expression of the integrated viral genome. Journal of General Virology 54, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, R. A. (1978). RNA tumour viruses. In Companion to Microbiology, (ed. Bull, A. T. and Meadow, P. M.), pp. 27–58. London: Longman Group Ltd.Google Scholar
White, J., Kartenbeck, J. & Helenius, A. (1980). Fusion of Semliki Forest virus with plasma membrane can be induced by low pH. The Journal of Cell Biology 87, 264–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yefenof, E., Klein, G. & Kvarnung, K. (1977). Relationships between complement activation, complement binding and EBV absorption by human haemopoietic cell lines. Cellular Immunology 31, 225–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinkernagel, R.M. (1979). Association between major histocompatibility antigens and disease. Annual Review of Microbiology 33, 201–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zubay, G. (1980). Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes, their plasmids and viruses. In Cell Biology, a Comprehensive Treatise, vol. 3 (ed. Goldstein, L. and Prescott, D. M.), pp. 154–214. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar