Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-08T15:51:06.337Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Parasitological and molecular detection of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle, goats and sheep in Somalia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2020

Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle Open the ORCID record for Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle [Opens in a new window] ,
Abdalla M. Ibrahim ,
Hamisi S. Nyingilili ,
Abdulkarim A. Yusuf  and
Rafael F. C. Vieira
Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle*
Affiliation:
Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Abdalla M. Ibrahim
Affiliation:
Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
Hamisi S. Nyingilili
Affiliation:
Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
Abdulkarim A. Yusuf
Affiliation:
Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Rafael F. C. Vieira
Affiliation:
Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle, E-mail: akadle@abrar.edu.so
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects the livestock of 12.3 million Somalis and constrains their development and wellbeing. There is missing data on AAT in the country after the civil war of the 1990s. Therefore, this study has aimed to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in 614 blood samples from cattle (n = 202), goats (n = 206) and sheep (n = 206) in Afgoye and Jowhar districts, Somalia using parasitological and molecular methods. Twenty-one out of 614 (3.4%; 95% CI: 2.1–5.2%) and 101/614 (16.4%; 95% CI: 13.6–19.6%) ruminants were positive for Trypanosoma spp. by buffy coat technique (BCT) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Using ITS1-PCR, the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (23.8%; 95% CI: 18.4–30.1%) followed by goats (17.5%; 95% CI: 12.9–23.3%) and sheep (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.1–12.9%). A total of 74/101 (73.3%; 95% CI: 63.5–81.6%) ruminants were shown coinfection with at least two Trypanosome species. The four T. brucei-positive samples have tested negative for T. b. rhodesiense, by the human-serum-resistance-associated-PCR. Trypanosoma evansi, T. godfreyi, T. vivax, T. brucei, T. simiae and T. congolense were the Trypanosoma species found in this study. This is the first study on the molecular detection of Trypanosoma sp. in ruminants in Somalia. Further investigations and control measures are needed to manage Trypanosomiasis spreading in the country. Studies should also focus on the detection of T. b. rhodesiense in the country.

Keywords

AATGlossina sppHATHirshabelleSomaliaSouthwestTrypanosomiasis
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 147 , Issue 14 , December 2020 , pp. 1786 - 1791
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

These authors contributed equally to this work.

References

Ahmed, AH, MacLeod, ET, Hide, G, Welburn, SC and and Picozzi, K (2011) The best practice for preparation of samples from FTA® cards for diagnosis of blood borne infections using African trypanosomes as a model system. Parasites and Vectors 4, 68.10.1186/1756-3305-4-68CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainanshe, OA, Jennings, FW and Holmes, PH (1992) Isolation of drug-resistant strains of Trypanosoma congolense from the Lower Shabelle region of southern Somalia. Tropical Animal Health Production 24, 65–73.Google ScholarPubMed
Angara, T-EE, Ismail, AA and Ibrahim, AM (2014) An overview on the economic impacts of animal trypanosomiasis. Global Journal for Research Analysis 3, 275–276.10.15373/22778160/July2014/99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angwech, H, Nyeko, JH, Opiyo, EA, Okello-Onen, J, Opiro, R, Echodu, R, Malinga, GM, Njahira, MN and Skilton, RA (2015) Heterogeneity in the prevalence and intensity of bovine trypanosomiasis in the districts of Amuru and Nwoya, Northern Uganda. BMC Veterinary Research 11, 225.10.1186/s12917-015-0567-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, JR, McConnell, E and Hady, J (1970) Human Trypanosomiasis in Ethiopia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64, 523–530.10.1016/0035-9203(70)90074-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernacca, JP (1967) Second Report to the Government of Somalia on The Control of the Tsetse Fly. UNDP/FAO, No. TA 2412. TE/AN/SOM.Google Scholar
Desquesnes, M and Dávila, AMR (2002) Applications of PCR-based tools for detection and identification of animal trypanosomes: a review and perspectives. Veterinary Parasitology 11, 213–231.Google Scholar
Dirie, MF, Wallbanks, KR, Molyneux, DH and Bornstein, S (1988a) Haemorrhagic syndrome associated with T. vivax Infections of cattle in Somalia. Acta Tropica 45, 291–292.Google Scholar
Dirie, MF, Wardhere, MA and Farah, MA (1988b) Sheep Trypanosomiasis in Somalia. Tropical Animal Health Production 20, 45–46.10.1007/BF02239645CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirie, M, Walbanks, K, Aden, A, Bornstein, S and Ibrahim, M (1989) Camel trypanosomosis and its vectors in Somalia. Veterinary Parasitology 32, 285–289.10.1016/0304-4017(89)90039-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, W (2003) Species concepts for trypanosomes: from morphological to molecular definitions? Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease 2, 10.10.1186/1475-9292-2-10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamill, LC, Kaare, MT, Welburn, SC and Picozzi, K (2013) Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Northern Tanzania. Parasites Vectors 6, 322.10.1186/1756-3305-6-322CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harberd, AJ (1988) Studies on the ecology and control of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Somalia (PhD Thesis). University of London, UK.Google Scholar
Hassan-Kadle, A, Ibrahim, AM, Nyingilili, HS, Yusuf, AA, Vieira, TSWJ and Vieira, RFC (2019) Parasitological, serological and molecular survey of Camel Trypanosomiasis in Somalia. Parasites & Vectors 12, 598.10.1186/s13071-019-3853-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hursey, BS (1985) Tsetse control. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties 14, 287–297.10.20506/rst.4.2.201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ICRC Somalia (2017) Trapping the tsetse fly to save livestock and income. Retrieved from: http://blogs.icrc.org/somalia/2017/06/19/resilience-trapping-tsetse-fly-save-livestock-income (Accessed 11 April 2018).Google Scholar
Kouadio, IK, Sokouri, D, Koffi, M, Konaté, I, Ahouty, B, Koffi, A and N'Guetta, SP (2014) Molecular characterization and prevalence of Trypanosoma species in cattle from a Northern Livestock area in Côte d'Ivoire. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 4, 314–321.10.4236/ojvm.2014.412038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laohasinnarong, D, Goto, Y, Asada, M, Nakao, R, Hayashida, K, Kajino, K, Kawazu, S, Sugimoto, C, Inoue, N and Namangala, B (2015) Studies of trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa valley, north-eastern Zambia. Parasites & Vectors 8, 497.10.1186/s13071-015-1112-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macchioni, G and Abdullatif, MA (1985) Indagine Epidemiologica Sulla Tripanosomiasi Del Cammello in Somalia. VI Bollettino Scientifico Della Facolta Di Zootecnia e Veterinaria, Universita Nazionale Somala, 175–181.Google Scholar
Masiga, DK, Smyth, AJ, Hayes, PJ, Bromidge, TJ and Gibson, WC (1992) Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification. International Journal of Parasitology 22, 909–918.10.1016/0020-7519(92)90047-OCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masiga, DK, Okech, G, Irungu, P, Ouma, J, Wekesa, S, Ouma, B, Guya, SO and Ndung'u, JM (2002) Growth and mortality in sheep and goats under high tsetse challenge in Kenya. Tropical Animal Health Production 34, 489–501.10.1023/A:1021241220575CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattioli, RC and Faye, JAA (1996) Comparative study of the parasitological buffy coat technique and an antigen enzyme immunoassay for trypanosome diagnosis in sequential Trypanosoma congolense infections in N'Dama, Gobra zebu and N'Dama x Gobra crossbred cattle. Acta Tropica 62, 71–81.10.1016/S0001-706X(96)00033-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moggridge, JY (1936) Some observations on the seasonal spread of Glossina pallidipes in Italian Somaliland with notes on G. Brevipalpis and G. Austeni. Bulletin of Entomological Research 27, 449–466.10.1017/S0007485300058314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohamed Ahmed, MM and Dairri, MF (1987) Trypanosome infection rate of Glossina Pallipides During wet and dry seasons in Somalia. Tropical Animal Health Production 19, 11–20.10.1007/BF02250840CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, DR, Cook, GA, Ochs, DE, Bailey, CP, McKane, MR and Donelson, JE (1989) Detection of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei subspecies by DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. Parasitology 99, 57–66.10.1017/S0031182000061023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mossaad, E, Ismail, AA, Ibrahim, AM, Musinguzi, P, Angara, TEE, Xuan, X, Inoue, N and Suganuma, K (2020) Prevalence of different trypanosomes in livestock in Blue Nile and West Kordofan States, Sudan. Acta Tropica 203, 105302.10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105302CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, M, Murray, PR and Mc Intyre, WIM (1977) An improved parasitological technique for diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Acta Tropica 27, 384–386.Google Scholar
Murray, M, Morrison, WI and Whitelaw, DD (1982) Host Susceptibility to African Trypanosomiasis: Trypanotolerance. Advances in Parasitology 21, 1–68.10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60274-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
N'Djetchi, MK, Ilboudo, H, Koffi, M, Kaboré, J, Kaboré, JW, Kaba, D, Courtin, F, Coulibaly, B, Fauret, P, Kouakou, L, Ravel, S, Deborggraeve, S, Solano, P, De Meeûs, T, Bucheton, B and Jamonneau, V (2017) The study of trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in two human African trypanosomiasis foci of Côte d'Ivoire identifies pigs and cattle as potential reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, e0005993.10.1371/journal.pntd.0005993CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng'ayo, MO, Njiru, ZK, Kenya, EU, Muluvi, GM, Osir, EO and Masiga, DK (2005) Detection of trypanosomes in small ruminants and pigs in western Kenya: important reservoirs in the epidemiology of sleeping sickness? Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease 4, 5.10.1186/1475-9292-4-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Njiru, ZK, Constantine, CC, Guya, S, Crowther, J, Kiragu, JM, Thompson, RC and Dávila, AM (2005) The use of ITS1 rDNA PCR in detecting pathogenic African trypanosomes. Parasitology Research 95, 186–192.10.1007/s00436-004-1267-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OIE Terrestrial Manual (2013) Chapter 2.4.17. Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted). OIE, 1–11.Google Scholar
Oluwafemi, RA, Ilemobade, AA and Laseinde, EAO (2007) The impact of African animal trypanosomosis and tsetse on the livelihood and well-being of cattle and their owners in the BICOT study area of Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay 2, 380–383.Google Scholar
Onyango, RJ, Van Hoeve, K and De Raadt, P (1966) The epidemiology of Trypanosoma rhodesiense sleeping sickness in Alego location central Nyanza, Kenya. I. Evidence that cattle may act as a reservoir host of trypanosomes infectious to man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 175–182.10.1016/0035-9203(66)90024-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osman, NM, Njahira, M, Skilton, R, Ibtisam, AG and A/Rahman, AH (2016) Molecular detection of some bovine trypanosome isolates from different areas of Sudan. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research 31, 9–19.Google Scholar
Picozzi, K, Tilley, A, Fèvre, EM, Coleman, PG, Magona, JW, Odiit, M, Eisler, MC and Welburn, SC (2002) The diagnosis of trypanosome infections: applications of novel technology for reducing disease risk. African Journal of Biotechnology 1, 39–45.Google Scholar
Radwanska, M, Chamekh, M, Vanhamme, L, Claes, F, Magez, S, Magnus, E, De Baetselier, P, Büscher, P and Pay, E (2002) The serum resistance-associated gene as a diagnostic tool for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67, 684–690.10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.684CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenblatt, JE (2009) Laboratory diagnosis of infections due to blood and tissue parasites. Clinical Infectious Diseases 49, 1103–1108.10.1086/605574CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutto, JJ and Karuga, JW (2009) Temporal and spatial epidemiology of sleeping sickness and use of geographical information system (GIS) in Kenya. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 46, 18–25.Google Scholar
Salah, AA (2016) Epidemiological Studies on Camel Trypanosomosis (Surra) and its Control and Economic Impact in Somaliland (PhD Thesis). Murdoch University, CVM, Mudoch, Western Australia, Australia.Google Scholar
Salim, B, Bakheit, AM, Kamau, K, Nakamura, I and Sugimoto, C (2011) Molecular epidemiology of camel trypanosomiasis based on ITS1 rDNA and RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in the Sudan. Parasites and Vectors 4, 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoepf, K, Mustafa Mohamed, HA and Katende, JM (1984) Observations on blood-borne parasites of domestic livestock in the Lower Juba region of Somalia. Tropical Animal Health Production 16, 227–232.10.1007/BF02265329CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simwango, M, Ngonyoka, A, Nnko, HJ, Salekwa, LP, Ole-Neselle, M, Kimera, SI and Gwakisa, PS (2017) Molecular prevalence of trypanosome infections in cattle and tsetse flies in the Maasai Steppe, northern Tanzania. Parasites & Vectors 10, 507.10.1186/s13071-017-2411-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swallow, BM (2000) Impacts of Trypanosomiasis on African Agriculture. Rome: FAO (PAAT Technical and Scientific Series, no. 2).Google Scholar
UNFPA (2014) Population Estimation Survey 2014 for the 18 pre-war regions of Somalia. United Nations Population Fund, Somalia Country Office.Google Scholar
Urakawa, T, Verloo, D, Moens, L, Büscher, P and Majiwa, PAO (2001) Trypanosoma Evansi: cloning and expression in Spodoptera Fugiperda insect cells of the diagnostic antigen RoTat1.2. Experimental Parasitology 99, 181–189.10.1006/expr.2001.4670CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkowsky, SE (2018) Trypanosoma. In Florin-Christensen, M and Schnittger, L (eds), Parasitic Protozoa of Farm Animals and Pets. Cham: Springer, pp. 271–287.10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_12CrossRefGoogle Scholar