Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-cjp7w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-25T15:17:18.546Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Antimalarial bednet protection of children disappears when shared by three or more people in a high transmission setting of western Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 September 2018

Noriko Tamari Open the ORCID record for Noriko Tamari [Opens in a new window] ,
Noboru Minakawa ,
George O. Sonye ,
Beatrice Awuor ,
James O. Kongere ,
Stephen Munga  and
Peter S. Larson
Noriko Tamari*
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
Noboru Minakawa
Affiliation:
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
George O. Sonye
Affiliation:
Ability to Solve by Knowledge Project, Mbita, Homa Bay, Kenya
Beatrice Awuor
Affiliation:
Ability to Solve by Knowledge Project, Mbita, Homa Bay, Kenya
James O. Kongere
Affiliation:
Centre for Research in Tropical Medicine and Community Development, Nairobi, Kenya
Stephen Munga
Affiliation:
Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
Peter S. Larson
Affiliation:
NUITM-KEMRI Project, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Noriko Tamari, E-mail: norikotamari@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A sizeable proportion of households is forced to share single long-lasting insecticide treated net (LLIN). However, the relationship between increasing numbers of people sharing a net and the risk for Plasmodium infection is unclear. This study revealed whether risk for Plasmodium falciparum infection is associated with the number of people sharing a LLIN in a holoendemic area of Kenya. Children ⩽5 years of age were tested for P. falciparum infection using polymerase chain reaction. Of 558 children surveyed, 293 (52.5%) tested positive for parasitaemia. Four hundred and fifty-eight (82.1%) reported sleeping under a LLIN. Of those, the number of people sharing a net with the sampled child ranged from 1 to 5 (median = 2). Children using a net alone or with one other person were at lower risk than non-users (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.10–0.82 and OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.22–0.97, respectively). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between non-users and children sharing a net with two (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.44–1.77) or more other persons (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.32–1.72). LLINs are effective in protecting against Plasmodium infection in children when used alone or with one other person compared with not using them. Public health professionals should inform caretakers of the risks of too many people sharing a net.

Keywords

Bed netsbednet sharingchildrenKenyalong-lasting insecticide treated netsmalariaPlasmodiumuniversal coverage
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 146 , Issue 3 , March 2019 , pp. 363 - 371
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alaii, JA, Van Den Borne, HW, Kachur, SP, Shelley, K, Mwenesi, H, Vulule, JM, Hawley, WA, Nahlen, BL and Phillips-Howard, PA (2003) Community reactions to the introduction of permethrin-treated bed nets for malaria control during a randomized controlled trial in western Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68, 128–136.Google Scholar
Allen, EP, Muhwezi, WW, Henriksson, DK and Mbonye, AK (2017) Health facility management and access: a qualitative analysis of challenges to seeking healthcare for children under five in Uganda. Health Policy and Planning 32, 934.Google Scholar
Atieli, H, Zhou, G, Afrane, Y, Lee, M-C, Mwanzo, I, Githeko, A and Yan, G (2011) Insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership, usage, and malaria transmission in the highlands of western Kenya. Parasites & Vectors 4, 113.Google Scholar
Baume, CA, Reithinger, R and Woldehanna, S (2009) Factors associated with use and non-use of mosquito nets owned in Oromia and Amhara regional states, Ethiopia. Malaria Journal 8, 264.Google Scholar
Eisele, TP, Larsen, D and Steketee, RW (2010) Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. International Journal of Epidemiology 39(suppl. 1), i88–101.Google Scholar
Eisele, TP, Miller, JM, Moonga, HB, Hamainza, B, Hutchinson, P and Keating, J (2011) Malaria infection and anemia prevalence in Zambia's Luangwa District: an area of near-universal insecticide-treated mosquito net coverage. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 152–157.Google Scholar
Fegan, GW, Noor, AM, Akhwale, WS, Cousens, S and Snow, RW (2007) Effect of expanded insecticide-treated bednet coverage on child survival in rural Kenya: a longitudinal study. The Lancet 370, 1035–1039.Google Scholar
Filmer, D and Pritchett, LH (2001) Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data-or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38, 115–132.Google Scholar
Futami, K, Dida, GO, Sonye, GO, Lutiali, PA, Mwania, MS, Wagalla, S, Lumumba, J, Kongere, JO, Njenga, SM and Minakawa, N (2014) Impacts of insecticide treated bed nets on Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Mbita district and Suba district, Western Kenya. Parasites & Vectors 7, 63–63.Google Scholar
Galvin, KT, Petford, N, Ajose, F and Davies, D (2011) An exploratory qualitative study on perceptions about mosquito bed nets in the Niger Delta: what are the barriers to sustained use? Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 4, 73–83.Google Scholar
Iwashita, H, Dida, G, Futami, K, Sonye, G, Kaneko, S, Horio, M, Kawada, H, Maekawa, Y, Aoki, Y and Minakawa, N (2010) Sleeping arrangement and house structure affect bed net use in villages along Lake Victoria. Malaria Journal 9, 176.Google Scholar
Kawada, H, Dida, GO, Ohashi, K, Sonye, G, Njenga, SM, Mwandawiro, C, Minakawa, N and Takagi, M (2012) Preliminary evaluation of insecticide-impregnated ceiling nets with coarse mesh size as a barrier against the invasion of malaria vectors. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 65, 243–246.Google Scholar
Kilian, A, Boulay, M, Koenker, H and Lynch, M (2010) How many mosquito nets are needed to achieve universal coverage? Recommendations for the quantification and allocation of long-lasting insecticidal nets for mass campaigns. Malaria Journal 9, 330.Google Scholar
Larson, PS, Minakawa, N, Dida, GO, Njenga, SM, Ionides, EL and Wilson, ML (2014) Insecticide-treated net use before and after mass distribution in a fishing community along Lake Victoria, Kenya: successes and unavoidable pitfalls. Malaria Journal 13, 466.Google Scholar
Lengeler, C (2004) Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, Cd000363.Google Scholar
Lindblade, KA, Eisele, TP, Gimnig, JE, Alaii, JA, Odhiambo, F, Ter Kuile, FO, Hawley, WA, Wannemuehler, KA, Phillips-Howard, PA, Rosen, DH, Nahlen, BL, Terlouw, DJ, Adazu, K, Vulule, JM and Slutsker, L (2004) Sustainability of reductions in malaria transmission and infant mortality in western Kenya with use of insecticide-treated bednets: 4 to 6 years of follow-up. JAMA 291, 2571–2580.Google Scholar
Minakawa, N, Dida, GO, Sonye, GO, Futami, K and Njenga, SM (2012) Malaria vectors in Lake Victoria and adjacent habitats in Western Kenya. PLoS ONE 7, e32725.Google Scholar
Minakawa, N, Kongere, JO, Dida, GO, Ikeda, E, Hu, J, Minagawa, K, Futami, K, Kawada, H, Njenga, SM and Larson, PS (2015) Sleeping on the floor decreases insecticide treated bed net use and increases risk of malaria in children under 5 years of age in Mbita District, Kenya. Parasitology 142, 1516–1522.Google Scholar
Msellemu, D, Shemdoe, A, Makungu, C, Mlacha, Y, Kannady, K, Dongus, S, Killeen, GF and Dillip, A (2017) The underlying reasons for very high levels of bed net use, and higher malaria infection prevalence among bed net users than non-users in the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam: a qualitative study. Malaria Journal 16, 423.Google Scholar
Ngondi, JM, Graves, PM, Gebre, T, Mosher, AW, Shargie, EB, Emerson, PM and Richards, FO (2011) Which nets are being used: factors associated with mosquito net use in Amhara, Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regions of Ethiopia. Malaria Journal 10, 92.Google Scholar
Noor, AM, Moloney, G, Borle, M, Fegan, GW, Shewchuk, T and Snow, RW (2008) The use of mosquito nets and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural South Central Somalia. PLoS ONE 3, e2081.Google Scholar
Noor, A, Kirui, V, Brooker, S and Snow, R (2009) The use of insecticide treated nets by age: implications for universal coverage in Africa. BMC Public Health 9, 369.Google Scholar
Silver, JB and Springerlink (2008). Mosquito Ecology Field Sampling Methods. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media B.V.Google Scholar
Team, RDC (2006) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Google Scholar
Traissac, P and Martin-Prevel, Y (2012) Alternatives to principal components analysis to derive asset-based indices to measure socio-economic position in low- and middle-income countries: the case for multiple correspondence analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 41, 1207–1208, author reply 1209–1210.Google Scholar
Wanyua, S, Ndemwa, M, Goto, K, Tanaka, J, K'OPIYO, J, Okumu, S, Diela, P, Kaneko, S, Karama, M, Ichinose, Y and Shimada, M (2013) Profile: the Mbita health and demographic surveillance system. International Journal of Epidemiology 42, 1678–1685.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2007) Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets for Malaria Prevention – A Manual for Malaria Programme Managers, Trial Edn. Global Malaria Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2014) The Health of the People: What Works – the African Regional Health Report 2014. Brazzaville: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2015) Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 3rd Edn. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2016) World Malaria Report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Yatsushiro, S, Yamamoto, T, Yamamura, S, Abe, K, Obana, E, Nogami, T, Hayashi, T, Sesei, T, Oka, H, Okello-Onen, J, Odongo-Aginya, EI, Alai, MA, Olia, A, Anywar, D, Sakurai, M, Palacpac, NMQ, Mita, T, Horii, T, Baba, Y and Kataoka, M (2016) Application of a cell microarray chip system for accurate, highly sensitive, and rapid diagnosis for malaria in Uganda. Scientific Reports 6, 30136.Google Scholar
Zhou, G, Li, JS, Ototo, EN, Atieli, HE, Githeko, AK and Yan, G (2014) Evaluation of universal coverage of insecticide-treated nets in western Kenya: field surveys. Malaria Journal 13, 351.Google Scholar