Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-5wvtr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-23T02:23:40.792Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The differentiation and nomenclature of Leishmania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

R. Kirk
R. Kirk
Affiliation:
Stack Memorial Research Laboratories, Khartoum, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

1. The nomenclature and synonymy of the Leishmania of man and of the dog is reviewed.

2. Many of the older names have been discarded and medical writers now recognize only two, or at the most three, species of Leishmania of man and dogs.

3. These species are indistinguishable morphologically. Attempts to differentiate them by the techniques of bacteriology have given conflicting results and there is no general agreement that they can be so differentiated.

4. It has been suggested that separation of species of Leishmania is not justified under the present rules of systematics and that all forms of human and canine leishmaniasis must be regarded as the result of infection by a single species of parasite.

5. This suggestion is not entirely acceptable in view of contributions to the subject by medical workers who have studied the results of infection in the human subject intensively and continuously for half a century.

6. Evidence is produced that the different types of human leishmaniasis recognized clinically can be correlated with biological differences in the causal parasites.

7. In other organisms which have been intensively studied the existence of groups which differ from each other in biological characters only is widely recognized in modern systematics, but there is no general agreement about nomenclature for the definition of such groups.

8. Reasons, not inconsistent with modern studies in systematics, are given for the recognition of at least three groups in the Leishmania of man, corresponding with the L. donovani, L. tropica and L. brasiliensis of medical text-books. Definition of the taxonomic status of such groups will depend on the further progress of systematics.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 39 , Issue 3-4 , February 1949 , pp. 263 - 273
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1949

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adler, S. (1929). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 289.Google Scholar
Adler, S. (1938). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 32, 4.Google Scholar
Adler, S. (1947). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 40, 701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, S. & Ber, M. (1941). Ind. J. med. Res. 29, 803.Google Scholar
Adler, S. & Theodor, O. (1926). Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 20, 175.Google Scholar
Adler, S. & Theodor, O. (1927). Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 21, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, S. & Theodor, O. (1928). Nature, Lond., 122, 287.Google Scholar
Adler, S. & Theodor, O. (1930). Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 24, 193.Google Scholar
Adler, S. & Theodor, O. (1931). Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 108, 494.Google Scholar
Adler, S., Theodor, O. & Witenberg, (1938). Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 125, 491.Google Scholar
Balachewa, M. T. (1930). Rev. in Trop. Dis. Bull. 28, 644.Google Scholar
Balachewa, M. T. (1935). Rev. in Trop. Dis. Bull. 33, 23.Google Scholar
Berberian, D. A. (1944). Arch. Derm. Syph., N.Y., 49, 433.Google Scholar
Blanchard, R. (1904). Rev. Méd. Hyg. trop. 1, 37.Google Scholar
Borovsky, P. F. (1898). Transl. by Hoare, C. A. (1938) in Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 32, 67.Google Scholar
Brumpt, E. (1913). Précis de Parasitologie. 2nd ed. Paris: Masson et Cie.Google Scholar
Brumpt, E. (1936). Précis de Parasitologie. 5th ed. Paris: Masson et Cie.Google Scholar
Burowa, L. (1928). Rev. in Trop. Dis. Bull. 26, 323.Google Scholar
Caminopetros, J. (1936). C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 122, 45.Google Scholar
Carter, R. M. (1909). Brit. med. J. 2, 647.Google Scholar
Castellani, A. & Chalmers, A. J. (1919). Manual of Tropical Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox.Google Scholar
Chagas, C., Cunha, A. M., Castro, G. O., Ferreira, L. C. & Romaña, C. (1937). Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz, 32, 321.Google Scholar
Chodukin, N. J., & Sofieff, M. S. (1928). Rev. in Trop. Dis. Bull. 26, 324.Google Scholar
Chodukin, N. J. & Sofieff, M. S. (1930). Arch. Schiffsu. Tropenhyg. 34, 369.Google Scholar
Chodukin, N. J., Sofieff, M. S. & Kevorkov, N. P. (1935). Rev. in Trop. Dis. Bull. 33, 507.Google Scholar
Christophers, S. R. (1904). Sci. Mem. O. med. sanit. Dep. India, N. S. II.Google Scholar
Chung, H. L. & Wang, C. W. (1939). Chin. med. J. 56, 519.Google Scholar
Cleveland, L. R. & Collier, J. (1930). Amer. J. Hyg. 12, 614.Google Scholar
Cunha, A. M. (1938). Brazil-Medico, 52, 849.Google Scholar
Cunha, A. M. & Chagas, E. (1937). Hospital (Rio de Janeiro), 2, 148.Google Scholar
Cunningham, D. D. (1885). Sci. Mem. med. Offrs. Army India, 1, 21.Google Scholar
Das Gupta, B. M. (1930). Ind. J. med. Res. 18, 105.Google Scholar
Donovan, C. (1903). Brit. med. J. 2, 1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dostrovsky, A. (1934). Rev. in Trop. Dis. Bull. 32, 89.Google Scholar
Escomel, E. (1913). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 6, 237.Google Scholar
Firth, R. H. (1891). Brit. med. J. 1, 60.Google Scholar
Fonseca, F. (1932). Amer. J. trop. Med. 12, 453.Google Scholar
Fonseca, F. (1933). Amer. J. trop. Med. 13, 113.Google Scholar
Franchini, G. & Pirani, E. (1930). Arch. ital. Sci. med. colon. 11, 666.Google Scholar
Fuller, H. S. & Geiman, Q. M. (1942). J. Parasitol. 28, 429.Google Scholar
Hindle, E. (1928). Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 103, 599.Google Scholar
Hindle, E. (1930). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 24, 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hindle, E. (1931). Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 108, 366.Google Scholar
Hindle, E. & Thomson, J. G. (1928). Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 103, 252.Google Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1938). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 32, 67.Google Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1943). Biol. Rev. 18, 137.Google Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1944). Trop. Dis. Bull. 41, 331.Google Scholar
Horgan, E. S. (1939): in Ann. Rep. of Sudan Medical Service for 1938. Khartoum: McCorquodale and Co.Google Scholar
Huntemuller, Dr (1914). Zbl. Bakt. I. Abt. Orig. 73, 137.Google Scholar
Kirk, R. (1942). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 35, 257.Google Scholar
Kirk, R. (1944). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 61.Google Scholar
Kirk, R. (1945). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, R. & Lewis, D. J. (1947). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 40, 869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kligler, I. G. (1925). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 19, 330.Google Scholar
Knowles, R., Napier, L. E. & Das Gupta, B. M. (1923). Indian med. Gaz. 53, 321.Google Scholar
Knowles, R., Napier, L. E. & Smith, R. A. O. (1924). Indian med. Gaz. 59, 593.Google Scholar
Kojevnikov, P. V. (1941, 1942): cited by C. A. Hoare (1944).Google Scholar
Kriukova, A. (1941): cited by C. A. Hoare (1944).Google Scholar
Laurinsich, A. (1931). Paediatrica, 39, 345.Google Scholar
Laveran, A. (1917). Leishmanioses. Paris: Masson et Cie.Google Scholar
Laveran, A. & Mesnil, F. (1903). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 137, 957.Google Scholar
Laveran, A. & Nattan-Larrier, (1912). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 5, 487.Google Scholar
Leishman, W. B. (1903). Brit. med. J. 1, 1252.Google Scholar
Leishman, W. B. (1904 a). Brit. med. J. 2, 642.Google Scholar
Leishman, W. B. (1904 b). Brit. med. J. 1, 303.Google Scholar
Lühe, M. (1906): in Mense's Handb. Tropenkrank. 3, 69. Leipzig: J. A. Barth.Google Scholar
Marzinowsky, E. J. & Bogrow, L. S. (1904). Rev. in Bull. Inst. Pasteur, 2, 440.Google Scholar
Marzinowsky, E. J. & Schourenkoff, A. I. (1924). Rev. in Trop. Dis. Bull. 21, 726.Google Scholar
Mayer, L. & Malamos, B. (1936). Zbl. Bakt. I. Abt. Orig. 136, 412.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Mesnil, F. (1904 a). Bull. Inst. Pasteur, 2, 114.Google Scholar
Mesnil, F. (1904 b). Bull. Inst. Pasteur, 2, 957.Google Scholar
Mesnil, F. (1906). Bull. Inst. Pasteur, 4, 349.Google Scholar
Mesnil, F. (1909). Bull. Inst. Pasteur, 7, 107.Google Scholar
Messik, P. E. (1928). Giorn. Batteriol. Immunol. (Turin), 3, 255.Google Scholar
Mills, E. A., MacHattie, C. & Chadwick, C. R. (1930). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napier, L. E. (1946). Principles and Practice of Tropical Medicine. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Nicolle, C. (1908). Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Tunis, 1, 3.Google Scholar
Nicolle, C. & Manceaux, L. (1910). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 24, 673.Google Scholar
Noguchi, H. (1924). Proc. Internat. Conf. on health problems in trop. America, 455.Google Scholar
Noguchi, H. (1926). J. exp. Med. 44, 327.Google Scholar
Parrot, L. (1928). Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Algér. 6, 453.Google Scholar
Parrot, L., Donatien, A. & Lestoquard, F. (1927). Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algér. 5, 120.Google Scholar
Patton, W. S. (1908). Arch. Protistenk. 30, 1.Google Scholar
Patton, W. S. (1909). Lancet, i, 306; Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 2, 113.Google Scholar
Patton, W. S. (1922). Ind. J. med. Res. 9, 496.Google Scholar
Pressat, A. (1905). La Paludisme et les Moustiques (Prophylaxie). Paris.Google Scholar
Ray, J. C. (1929). Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropenhyg. 33, 598.Google Scholar
Rogers, L. (1904). Quart. J. micr. Sci. 48, 367.Google Scholar
Rogers, L. (1906). Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 77, 284.Google Scholar
Ross, R. (1903). Brit. med. J. 2, 140.Google Scholar
Row, R. (1912). J. trop. Med. (Hyg.), 15, 327.Google Scholar
Row, R. (1913). J. trop. Med. (Hyg.), 16, 1.Google Scholar
Row, R. (1914). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 8, 272.Google Scholar
Row, R. (1931). Ind. J. med. Res. 16, 641.Google Scholar
Senekjie, H. & Lewis, A. (1944). Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N.Y., 57, 17.Google Scholar
Senekjie, H. & Lewis, A. (1945). Proc. Soc. exp. Biol., N.Y., 59, 183.Google Scholar
Senekjie, H. & Zebouni, N. (1941). Amer. J. Hyg. 34, 67.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed. & Sergent, Et. (1905). C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 58, 673.Google Scholar
Sergent, Ed., Sergent, Et., Parrot, L., Donatien, A. & Beguet, M. (1921). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 173, 1030.Google Scholar
Shortt, H. E., Barraud, P. J. & Craighead, A. C. (1926). Ind. J. med. Res. 14, 329.Google Scholar
Sinton, J. A. (1925). Ind. J. med. Res. 12, 701.Google Scholar
Sinton, J. A. (1938). Ind. J. med. Res. 25, 787.Google Scholar
Sofieff, M. S. & Schevtchenko, F. (1934). Rev. in Trop. Dis. Bull. 33, 507.Google Scholar
Swaminath, C. S., Shortt, H. E. & Anderson, L. A. P. (1942). Ind. J. med. Res. 30, 473.Google Scholar
Thomson, D. B. & Balfour, A. (1910). J. Roy. Army med. Corps, 14, 1.Google Scholar
Velez, L. (1913). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 6, 545.Google Scholar
Vianna, G. (1911). Brazil-Medico, 41.Google Scholar
Wagener, E. H. & Koch, D. A. (1926). Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28, 365.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1911 a). J. Lond. Sch. trop. Med. 1, 98.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1911 b). J. trop. Med. (Hyg.), 14, 103.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1913). Arch. Protistenk. 31, 1.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1926). Protozoology. London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1935). Trop. Dis. Bull. 32, 89.Google Scholar
Wright, J. H. (1903). J. med. Res. 10, 472.Google Scholar
Yakimoff, W. L. (1915). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 8, 474.Google Scholar
Yakimoff, W. L. & Schokhor, N. F. (1914). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 7, 185.Google Scholar
Zdrodowski, P. & Woskressenski, B. (1930). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 23, 1028.Google Scholar
Zdrodowski, P. & Woskressenski, B. (1931). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 24, 37.Google Scholar