Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-07T10:56:15.241Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

What makes grief difficult? Perspectives from bereaved family caregivers and healthcare providers of advanced cancer patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2010

Kelli I. Stajduhar*
Affiliation:
School of Nursing and Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Wanda Martin
Affiliation:
School of Nursing and Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Moira Cairns
Affiliation:
School of Nursing and Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Kelli Stajduhar, School of Nursing and Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Sedgewick Building, Room A104, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada. E-mail: kis@uvic.ca

Abstract

Objective:

Family members who take on the role of caregiving for someone who is dying begin bereavement after being emotionally and physically taxed by the caregiving experience. The course of bereavement is influenced by a number of factors, including health problems, financial concerns, social support, and family relationships. This paper reports on findings from a secondary analysis of qualitative data from a study examining family caregiver coping in end-of-life cancer care, to describe, from the perspectives of bereaved family caregivers, their perspectives on what made their grief difficult.

Method:

Qualitative data from three focus groups with family caregivers (n = 19) and two focus groups with health professionals (n = 14) were subjected to interpretive thematic analysis.

Results:

Our finding suggest three broad areas that make family caregivers' grief difficult: (1) dealing with occurrences in everyday life; (2) dealing with challenges specific to the caregiving situation; and (3) dealing with the healthcare system.

Significance of results:

The findings provide an important beginning point in understanding the types of issues that seem to make grief difficult for family caregivers of cancer patients at the end of life and can help professional groups to understand what is needed by family caregivers in terms of support and delivery of services.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Addington-Hall, J. & Karlsen, S. (2000). Do home deaths increase distress in bereavement? Palliative Medicine, 14, 161162.Google Scholar
Bodnar, J.C. & Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. (1994). Caregiver depression after bereavement: Chronic stress isn't over when it's over. Psychology and Aging, 9, 372380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonanno, G.A., Moskowitz, J.T., Papa, A., et al. (2005). Resilience to loss in bereaved spouses, bereaved parents, and bereaved gay men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 827843.Google Scholar
Bonnano, G.A., Wortman, C.B., Lehman, D.R., et al. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18 months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 11501164.Google Scholar
Brazil, K., Bedard, M. & Willison, K. (2003). Bereavement adjustment and support among caregivers. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 9, 193204.Google Scholar
Cairns, M., Thompson, M. & Wainwright, W. (2003). Transitions in Dying and Bereavement: A Psychosocial Guide for Hospice and Palliative Care. Winnipeg: Health Professions Press.Google Scholar
Chentsova-Dutton, Y. & Zisook, S. (2005). Adaptation to bereavement. Death Studies, 29, 877903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chentsova-Dutton, Y., Shucter, S., Hutchin, S., et al. (2002). Depression and grief reactions in hospice caregivers: From pre-death to 1 year afterwards. Journal of Affective Disorders, 69, 5360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chochinov, H.M., Holland, J.C. & Katz, L.Y. (1998). Bereavement: A special issue in oncology. In Psycho-oncology, Holland, J.C. (ed.), pp. 10161032. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dumont, S., Turgeon, J., Allard, P., et al. (2006). Caring for a loved one with advanced cancer: Determinants of psychological distress in family caregivers. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 912921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellifritt, J., Nelson, K.A. & Walsh, D. (2003). Complicated bereavement: A national survey of potential risk factors. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 20, 114120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellison, N.M. & Ptacek, J.T. (2002). Physician interactions with families and caregivers after a patient's death: Current practices and proposed changes. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 5, 4955.Google Scholar
Ferrario, S.R., Cardillo, V., Vicario, F., et al. (2004). Advanced cancer at home: Caregiving and bereavement. Palliative Medicine, 18, 129136.Google Scholar
Goodridge, D., Bond, J.B., Camerson, C., et al. (2005). End-of-life care in a nursing home: A study of family, nurse and healthcare aide perspectives. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 11, 226232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grbich, C.F., Parker, D. & Maddocks, I. (2001). The emotions and coping strategies of caregivers of family members with terminal cancer. Journal of Palliative Care, 17, 3036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grinyer, A. (2006). Caring for a young adult with cancer: The impact on mothers' health. Health and Social Care in the Community, 14, 311318.Google Scholar
Haley, W.E., LaMonde, L.A., Han, B., et al. (2003). Predictors of depression and life satisfaction among spousal caregivers in hospice: Application of a stress process model. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 6, 215224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbert, R.S., Prigerson, H.G., Schultz, R., et al. (2006). Preparing caregivers for the death of a loved one: A theoretical framework and suggestions for future research. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 11641171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodde, N.M., Engelberg, R.A., Treece, P.D., et al. (2004). Factors associated with nurse assessment of the quality of dying and death in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine, 32, 16481653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jo, S., Brazil, K., Lohfeld, L., et al. (2007). Caregiving at end of life: Perspectives from Spousal caregivers and care recipients. Palliative and Supportive Care, 5, 1117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jutras, S. & Veilleux, F. (1991). Informal caregiving: Correlates of perceived burden. Canadian Journal on Aging, 10, 4055.Google Scholar
Kim, Y., Baker, F., Spillers, R.L., et al. (2006). Psychological adjustment of cancer caregivers with multiple roles. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 795804.Google Scholar
Kissane, D.W. & McKenzie, D.P. (1997). Family coping and bereavement outcome. Palliative Medicine, 11, 191201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koop, P.M. & Strang, V.R. (2003). The bereavement experience following home-based family caregiving for persons with advanced cancer. Clinical Nursing Research, 12, 127144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koop, P.M. & Strang, V.R. (1997) Predictors of bereavement outcomes in families of patients with cancer: A literature review. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 29, 3350.Google ScholarPubMed
Kramer, B.J., Boelk, A.Z. & Auer, C. (2006). Family conflict at the end of life: Lessons learned in a model program for vulnerable older adults. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 791801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehman, D.R., Ellard, J.H. & Wortman, C.B. (1986). Social support for the bereaved: Recipients' and providers' perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 438446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, D., Sullivan, K. & Hasson, F. (2007). Hospice at home service: The carer's perspective. Support Care Cancer, 15, 163170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moen, P., Robison, J. & Dempster-McClain, D. (1995). Caregiving and women's well-being: A life course approach. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 36, 259273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ong, A.D., Bergeman, C.S. & Bisconti, T.L. (2004). The role of daily positive emotions during conjugal bereavement. Journal of Gerontology, 59B, 168176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osse, B.H.P., Vernooij-Dassen, M.J.F.J., Schade, E., et al. (2006). Problems experienced by the informal caregivers of cancer patients and their needs for support. Cancer Nursing, 29, 378388.Google Scholar
Park, C.L. & Folkman, S. (1997). Stability and change in psychosocial resources during caregiving and bereavement in partners of men with AIDS. Journal of Personality, 65, 421447.Google Scholar
Parkes, C.M. (1993). Bereavement. In Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, Doyle, D., Hanks, G.C.W. & MacDonald, N. (eds.), pp. 663678. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Penning, M.J. (1998). In the middle: Parental caregiving in the context of other roles. Journal of Gerontology, 53B, S188S197.Google Scholar
Pierson, C.M., Curtis, J.R. & Patrick, D.L. (2002). A good death: A qualitative study of patients with advanced AIDS. AIDS Care, 14, 587598.Google Scholar
Prigerson, H.G., Frank, E., Kasl, S.V., et al. (1995). Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 2230.Google Scholar
Rando, T. (1993). Treatment of Complicated Mourning. Champaign: Research Press.Google Scholar
Sawatzky, J.E. & Fowler-Kerry, S. (2003). Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10, 277286.Google Scholar
Scharlach, A.E. (1994). Caregiving and employment: Competing or complementary roles? The Gerontologist, 29, 382387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz, R., Newsom, J.T., Fleissner, K., et al. (1997). The effects of bereavement after family caregiving. Aging & Mental Health, 1, 269282.Google Scholar
Stajduhar, K.I. (2003). Examining the perspectives of family members involved in the delivery of palliative care at home. Journal of Palliative Care, 19, 2735.Google Scholar
Stajduhar, K.I. & Davies, B. (2005). Variations in and factors influencing family members' decisions for palliative home care. Palliative Medicine, 19, 2132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stajduhar, K.I. (1997). Loss and bereavement: HIV/AIDS family caregiving experiences. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 29, 7386.Google Scholar
Steinhauser, K.E., Christakis, N.A., Clipp, E.C., et al. (2000). Factors considered important at the end of life by patients, family, physicians, and other care providers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 24762482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroebe, M.S., Hansson, R.O., Stroebe, W., et al. (2001). Introduction: Concepts and issues in contemporary research on bereavement. In Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping and Care, Stroebe, M.S., Hansson, R.O., Stroebe, W. et al. (eds.), pp. 322. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroebe, M.S., Folkman, S., Hansson, R.O., et al. (2006). The prediction of bereavement outcome: Development of an integrative risk factor framework. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 24402451.Google Scholar
Teschendorf, B., Schwartz, C., Estwing Ferrans, C., et al. (2007). Caregiver role stress: When families become providers. Cancer Control, 14, 183189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ungar, L. & Florian, V. (2004). What helps middle-aged widows with their psychological and social adaptation several years after their loss? Death Studies, 28, 621642.Google Scholar
van Baarsen, B. (2002). Theories on coping with loss: The impact of social support and self-esteem on adjustment to emotional and social loneliness following a partner's death in later life. Journal of Gerontology, 57B, S33S42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigano, A., Dorgan, M., Bruera, E., et al. (1999). The relative accuracy of the clinical estimation of the duration of life for patients with end of life cancer. Cancer, 86, 170176.Google Scholar
von Gunten, C.F., Ferris, F.D. & Emanuel, L.L. (2000). Ensuring competency in end-of-life care: Communication and relational skills. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 30513057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, A., Crooks, V., Stajduhar, K.I., et al. (2006). Canada's Compassionate Care Benefit: Views of family caregivers in chronic illness. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 12, 438445.Google Scholar
Wyatt, G.K., Friedman, L., Given, C.W., et al. (1999). A profile of bereaved caregivers following provision of terminal care. Journal of Palliative Care, 15, 1325.Google Scholar