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Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2016

Richard K. Bambach ,
Andrew H. Knoll  and
Steve C. Wang
Richard K. Bambach
Affiliation:
Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. E-mail: rbambach@oeb.harvard.edu
Andrew H. Knoll
Affiliation:
Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. E-mail: rbambach@oeb.harvard.edu
Steve C. Wang
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081. E-mail: scwang@swarthmore.edu
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Abstract

In post-Cambrian time, five events-the end-Ordovician, end-Frasnian in the Late Devonian, end-Permian, end-Triassic, and end-Cretaceous-are commonly grouped as the “big five” global intervals of mass extinction. Plotted by magnitude, extinction intensities for all Phanerozoic substages show a continuous distribution, with the five traditionally recognized mass extinctions located in the upper tail. Plotted by time, however, proportional extinctions clearly divide the Phanerozoic Eon into six stratigraphically coherent intervals of alternating high and low extinction intensity. These stratigraphic neighborhoods provide a temporal context for evaluating the intensity of extinction during the “big five” events. Compared with other stages and substages in the same neighborhood, only the end-Ordovician, end-Permian, and end-Cretaceous extinction intensities appear as outliers. Moreover, when origination and extinction are considered together, only these three of the “big five” events appear to have been generated exclusively by elevated extinction. Low origination contributed more than high extinction to the marked loss of diversity in the late Frasnian and at the end of the Triassic. Therefore, whereas the “big five” events are clearly times when diversity suffered mass depletion, only those at the end of the Ordovician, Permian, and Cretaceous periods unequivocally qualify as globally distinct mass extinctions. Each of the three has a unique pattern of extinction, and the diversity dynamics of these events differ, as well, from the other two major diversity depletions. As mass depletions of diversity have no common effect, common causation seems unlikely.

Type
Research Article
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , Fall 2004 , pp. 522 - 542
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

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