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Anchors and snorkels: heterochrony, development and form in functionally constrained fossil crassatellid bivalves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2016

Katie S. Collins ,
James S. Crampton ,
Helen L. Neil ,
Euan G. C. Smith ,
Michael F. Gazley  and
Michael Hannah
Katie S. Collins
Affiliation:
Victoria University of Wellington, Post Office Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand. E-mail: katie.collins@vuw.ac.nz
James S. Crampton
Affiliation:
GNS Science, Post Office Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, and Victoria University of Wellington, Post Office Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand. E-mail: j.crampton@gns.cri.nz
Helen L. Neil
Affiliation:
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington, New Zealand. E-mail: Helen.Neil@niwa.co.nz
Euan G. C. Smith
Affiliation:
Victoria University of Wellington, Post Office Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand. E-mail: Euan.Smith@vuw.ac.nz
Michael F. Gazley
Affiliation:
CSIRO, Mineral Resources Flagship, Australian Resources Research Centre, Post Office Box 1130, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia, and Victoria University of Wellington, Post Office Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand. E-mail: michael.gazley@csiro.au
Michael Hannah
Affiliation:
Victoria University of Wellington, Post Office Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand. E-mail: Michael.Hannah@vuw.ac.nz
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Abstract

New growth rate estimates for nine species from three genera of New Zealand Crassatellidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia), combined with existing morphometric ontogenetic descriptions, allow identification of heterochronic processes in the evolution of these genera. Both paedomorphosis (progenesis and neoteny) and peramorphosis (hypermorphosis and acceleration) have occurred within the clade. Overall, morphological variability and response to environmental pressure in this nonsiphonate group is restricted by the interplay of anatomical and life habit constraints. Stability in the substrate, predator avoidance, sluggish burrowing speed, and inability to escape by deep burial are suggested as key drivers of, or constraints on, morphological change. Two groups of shell characters are identified: heavy, armored “anchors” and elongate “snorkels,” which combine juvenile and adult traits in shells of different sizes and ages, produced by heterochronic variation in developmental timing. Anchors and snorkels both represent different “solutions” to the problems of life as a nonsiphonate, infaunal bivalve.

Type
Articles
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 42 , Issue 2 , May 2016 , pp. 305 - 316
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 The Paleontological Society. All rights reserved 

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