Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T21:18:15.269Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutritional problems in childhood and adolescence: a narrative review of identified disparities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2020

Nicole I. Larson
Nicole I. Larson*
Affiliation:
Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
*
Corresponding author: Nicole Larson, email larsonn@umn.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

To inform programmes and policies that promote health equity, it is essential to monitor the distribution of nutritional problems among young individuals. Common nutritional problems include overall low diet quality, the underconsumption and overconsumption of certain dietary components, unhealthy meal and snack patterns, problematic feeding practices and disordered eating. The objective of the present narrative review was to summarise recent evidence of disparities among US children (2–19 years) according to age, sex, socio-economic status, ethnicity/race and rural–urban location. Searches in PubMed® and MEDLINE® were completed to identify peer-reviewed research studies published between January 2009 and January 2019. Findings from the ninety-nine reviewed studies indicate adolescent females, young individuals from lower socio-economic households and individuals who identify as non-Hispanic Black race are particularly vulnerable populations for whom targeted strategies should be developed to address evidence of increased risk with regards to multiple aspects of nutritional wellbeing. Limitations of the existing evidence relate to the accuracy of self-reported dietary data; the need for consistent definitions of disordered eating; the focus on individual dietary components v. patterns; the complexities of categorising socio-economic status, ethnicity/race, and rural and urban areas; and the cross-sectional, observational nature of most research designs. There is an urgent need for research to address these limitations and fill a large gap in evidence on rural–urban differences in nutritional problems. It will further be important for future studies to build greater understanding of how nutritional problems cluster among population groups.

Keywords

Dietary intakeFeeding practicesDisparityChildrenAdolescents
Type
Review Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , June 2021 , pp. 17 - 47
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kirkpatrick, S, Dodd, K, Reedy, J, et al. (2012) Income and race/ethnicity are associated with adherence to food-based dietary guidance among US adults and children. J Acad Nutr Diet 112, 624–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs-Smith, S, Guenther, P, Subar, A, et al. (2010) Americans do not meet federal dietary recommendations. J Nutr 140, 1832–1838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M, Reedy, J & Krebs-Smith, S (2016) American diet quality: where it is, where it is heading, and what it could be. J Acad Nutr Diet 116, 302–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (2015) Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/ (accessed September 2018).Google Scholar
Chi, D & Scott, J (2019) Added sugar and dental caries in children: a scientific update and future steps. Dent Clin North Am 63, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosova, E, Auinger, P & Bremer, A (2013) The relationships between sugar-sweetened beverage intake and cardiometabolic markers in young children. J Acad Nutr Diet 113, 219–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Persaud, N, Maguire, J, Lebovic, G, et al. (2013) Association between serum cholesterol and eating behaviours during early childhood: a cross-sectional study. CMAJ 185, E531–E536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newby, P (2007) Are dietary intakes and eating behaviors related to childhood obesity? A comprehensive review of the evidence. J Law Med Ethics 35, 35–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingras, V, Rifas-Shiman, S, Taveras, E, et al. (2018) Dietary behaviors throughout childhood are associated with adiposity and estimated insulin resistance in early adolescence: a longitudinal study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 15, 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogata, B & Hayes, D (2014) Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: nutrition guidance for healthy children ages 2 to 11 years. J Acad Nutr Diet 114, 1257–1276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hales, C, Fryar, C, Carroll, M, et al. (2018) Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007–2008 to 2015–2016. JAMA 319, 1723–1725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, A, Metzger, D & Rodd, C (2018) Prevalence and severity of high blood pressure among children based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines. JAMA Pediatr 172, 557–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perak, A, Ning, H, Kit, B, et al. (2019) Trends in levels of lipids and apolipoprotein B in US youths aged 6 to 19 years, 1999–2016. JAMA 321, 1894–1905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D, Falkner, N, Story, M, et al. (2002) Weight-teasing among adolescents: correlations with weight status and disordered eating behaviors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26, 123–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loth, K, Wall, M, Larson, N, et al. (2015) Disordered eating and psychological well-being in overweight and nonoverweight adolescents: secular trends from 1999 to 2010. Int J Eat Disord 48, 323–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D, Wall, M, Haines, J, et al. (2007) Why does dieting predict weight gain in adolescents? Findings from project EAT-II: a 5-year longitudinal study. J Am Diet Assoc 107, 448–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D, Wall, M, Story, M, et al. (2012) Dieting and unhealthy weight control behaviors during adolescence: associations with 10-year changes in body mass index. J Adolesc Health 50, 80–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharpe, H, Griffiths, S, Choo, T, et al. (2018) The relative importance of dissatisfaction, overvaluation and preoccupation with weight and shape for predicting onset of disordered eating behaviors and depressive symptoms over 15 years. Int J Eat Disord 51, 1168–1175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bucchianeri, M, Fernandes, N, Loth, K, et al. (2016) Body dissatisfaction: do associations with disordered eating and psychological well-being differ across race/ethnicity in adolescent girls and boys? Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 22, 137–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ning, H, Labarthe, D, Shay, C, et al. (2015) Status of cardiovascular health in US children up to 11 years of age: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003–2010. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 8, 164–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, A, Shenassa, E, Slopen, N, et al. (2018) Cardiometabolic dysfunction among U.S. adolescents and area-level poverty: race/ethnicity-specific associations. J Adolesc Health 63, 546–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, A & Shenassa, E (2020) Sex-specific associations between area-level poverty and cardiometabolic dysfunction among US adolescents. Public Health Rep 135, 47–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brotanek, J, Gosz, J, Weitzman, M, et al. (2008) Secular trends in the prevalence of iron deficiency among US toddlers, 1976–2002. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162, 374–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le, C (2016) The prevalence of anemia and moderate-severe anemia in the US population (NHANES 2003–2012). PLOS ONE 11, e0166635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henshaw, M, Garcia, R & Weintraub, J (2018) Oral health disparities across the life span. Dent Clin North Am 62, 177–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dong, B, Arnold, L, Peng, Y, et al. (2016) Ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk among adolescents across the waist-height ratio spectrum: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Int J Cardiol 222, 622–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosner, B, Cook, N, Daniels, S, et al. (2013) Childhood blood pressure trends and risk factors for high blood pressure: the NHANES experience 1988–2008. Hypertension 62, 247–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, R, Mowrer, J, Romo, J, et al. (2010) Ethnic and gender disparities in adolescent obesity and elevated systolic blood pressure in a rural US population. Clin Pediatr 49, 876–884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Q, Yuan, K, Gregg, E, et al. (2014) Trends and clustering of cardiovascular health metrics among U.S. adolescents 1988–2010. J Adolesc Health 55, 513–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guerrero, A, Mao, C, Fuller, B, et al. (2016) Racial and ethnic disparities in early childhood obesity: growth trajectories in body mass index. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 3, 129–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liese, A, Lamichhane, A, Garzia, S, et al. (2018) Neighborhood characteristics, food deserts, rurality, and type 2 diabetes in youth: findings from a case–control study. Health Place 50, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staiano, A, Morrell, M, Hsia, D, et al. (2016) The burden of obesity, elevated blood pressure, and diabetes in uninsured and underinsured adolescents. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 14, 437–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, A, Ravanbakht, S, Skelton, J, et al. (2018) Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999–2016. Pediatrics 141, e20173459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogden, C, Fryar, C, Hales, C, et al. (2018) Differences in obesity prevalence by demographics and urbanization in US children and adolescents, 2013–2016. JAMA 319, 2410–2418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isong, I, Rao, S, Bind, M-A, et al. (2018) Racial and ethnic disparities in early childhood obesity. Pediatrics 14, e20170865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guenther, P, Kirkpatrick, S, Reedy, J, et al. (2014) The Healthy Eating Index-2010 is a valid and reliable measure of diet quality according to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. J Nutr 144, 399–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krebs-Smith, S, Pannucci, T, Subar, A, et al. (2018) Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet 9, 1591–1602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture & United States Department of Health and Human Services (2015) Dietary guidelines for Americans 2015–2020, 8th ed. http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/ (accessed February 2020).Google Scholar
Heyman, M & Abrams, S; Section on Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and Committee on Nutrition (2017) Fruit juice in infants, children, and adolescents: current recommendations. Pediatrics 139, e20170967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gu, X & Tucker, K (2017) Dietary quality of the US child and adolescent population: trends from 1999 to 2012 and associations with the use of federal nutrition assistance programs. Am J Clin Nutr 105, 194–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutler, G, Flood, A, Hannan, P, et al. (2011) Multiple sociodemographic and socioenvironmental characteristics are correlated with major patterns of dietary intake in adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 111, 230–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banfield, E, Liu, Y, Davis, J, et al. (2016) Poor adherence to US Dietary Guidelines for children and adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey population. J Acad Nutr Diet 116, 21–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hiza, H, Casavale, K, Guenther, P, et al. (2013) Diet quality of Americans differs by age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, and education level. J Acad Nutr Diet 113, 297–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, J, Tussing-Humphreys, L, Goodman, M, et al. (2019) Diet quality in a nationally representative sample of American children by sociodemograpic characteristics. Am J Clin Nutr 109, 127–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, T, Reider, C & Fulgoni, V (2013) Calcium and vitamin D disparities are related to gender, age, race, household income level, and weight classification but not vegetarian status in the United States: analysis of the NHANES 2001–2008 data set. J Am Coll Nutr 32, 321–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, C, Radcliffe, J & Liu, Y (2014) Vitamin D intakes of children differ by race/ethnicity, sex, age, and income in the United States, 2007 to 2010. Nutr Res 34, 499–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kann, L, McManus, T, Harris, W, et al. (2016) Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ 65, 1–174.Google ScholarPubMed
Longacre, M, Drake, K, Titus, L, et al. (2014) School food reduces household income disparities in adolescents’ frequency of fruit and vegetable intake. Prev Med 69, 202–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arcan, C, Larson, N, Bauer, K, et al. (2014) Dietary and weight-related behaviors and body mass index among Hispanic, Hmong, Somali, and White adolescents. J Acad Nutr Diet 114, 375–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haughton, C, Wang, M & Lemon, S (2016) Racial/ethnic disparities in meeting 5–2–1–0 recommendations among children and adolescents in the United States. J Pediatr 175, 188–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodd, A, Briefel, R, Cabili, C, et al. (2013) Disparities in consumption of sugar-sweetened and other beverages by race/ethnicity and obesity status among United States schoolchildren. J Nutr Educ Behav 45, 240–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranjit, N, Evans, A, Springer, A, et al. (2015) Racial and ethnic differences in the home food environment explain disparities in dietary practices of middle school children in Texas. J Nutr Educ Behav 47, 53–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Vine, S, Hsiao, A, et al. (2015) Weight-related behaviors when children are in school versus on summer breaks: does income matter? J Sch Health 85, 458–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eagle, T, Sheetz, A, Gurm, R, et al. (2012) Understanding childhood obesity in America: linkages between household income, community resources, and children’s behaviors. Am Heart J 163, 836–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papanikolaou, Y, Brooks, J, Reider, C, et al. (2015) Comparison of inadequate nutrient intakes in non-Hispanic Blacks vs. non-Hispanic Whites: an analysis of NHANES 2007–2010 in U.S. children and adults. J Health Care Poor Underserved 26, 726–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, A, Bennett, K, Befort, C, et al. (2011) Obesity and related health behaviors among urban and rural children in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 and 2005–2006. J Pediatr Psychol 36, 669–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenney, M, Wang, J & Iannotti, R (2014) Residency and racial/ethnic differences in weight status and lifestyle behaviors among US youth. J Rural Health 30, 89–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, J, Jones, S, Sun, H, et al. (2012) Diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors as risk factors for childhood obesity: an urban and rural comparison. Child Obes 8, 440–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welker, E, Jacquier, E, Catellier, D, et al. (2018) Room for improvement remains in food consumption patterns of young children aged 2–4 years. J Nutr 148, Suppl. 9, 1536S–1546S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, R, Catellier, D, Jun, S, et al. (2018) Total usual nutrient intakes of US children (under 48 months): findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. J Nutr 148, Suppl. 3, 1557S–1566S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, M, Welker, E, Jacquier, E, et al. (2018) Beverage consumption patterns among infants and young children (0–47.9 months): data from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 2016. Nutrients 10, E825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jun, S, Catellier, C, Eldridge, A, et al. (2018) Usual nutrient intakes from the diets of US children by WIC participation and income: findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. J Nutr 148, Suppl. 3., 1567S–1574S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saavedra, J, Deming, D, Dattilo, A, et al. (2013) Lessons from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study in North America: what children eat, and implications for obesity prevention. Ann Nutr Metab 62, Suppl. 3, 27–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, M, Condon, E, Briefel, R, et al. (2010) Food consumption patterns of young preschoolers: are they starting off on the right path? J Am Diet Assoc 110, Suppl. 12, S52–S59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weatherspoon, L, Venkatesh, S, Horodynski, M, et al. (2013) Food patterns and mealtime behaviors in low-income mothers and toddlers. J Community Health Nurs 30, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vercammen, K, Moran, A, Zatz, L, et al. (2018) 100 % Juice, fruit and vegetable intake among children in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children and nonparticipants. Am J Prev Med 55, e11–e18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demmer, E, Cifelli, C, Houchins, J, et al. (2018) The pattern of complementary foods in American infants and children aged 0–5 years old – a cross-sectional analysis of data from the NHANES 2011–2014. Nutrients 10, E827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrick, K, Terry, A & Afful, J (2018) Beverage Consumption Among Youth in the United States, 2013–2016, NCHS Data Brief no. 320. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Demmer, E, Cifelli, C, Houchins, J, et al. (2018) Ethnic disparities of beverage consumption in infants and children 0–5 years of age; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2014. Nutr J 17, 78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ling, J, Zahry, N, Wasilevich, E, et al. (2018) Dietary intake among Head Start preschooler–caregiver dyads. J Pediatr Nurs 42, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storey, M & Anderson, P (2016) Nutrient intakes and vegetable and white potato consumption by children aged 1 to 3 years. Adv Nutr 7, Suppl., 241S–246S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalsa, A, Kharofa, R, Ollberding, N, et al. (2017) Attainment of ‘5–2–1–0’ obesity recommendations in preschool-aged children. Prev Med Rep 8, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewnowski, A, Rehm, C & Constant, F (2013) Water and beverage consumption among children age 4–13y in the United States: analyses of 2005–2010 NHANES data. Nutr J 12, 85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keim, S & Branum, A (2015) Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish among US children 12–60 months of age. Matern Child Nutr 11, 987–998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watowicz, R, Anderson, S, Kaye, G, et al. (2015) Energy contribution of beverages in US children by age, weight, and consumer status. Child Obes 11, 475–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrick, K, Rossen, L, Nielsen, S, et al. (2015) Fruit consumption by youth in the United States. Pediatrics 136, 664–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guerrero, A, Ponce, N & Chung, P (2015) Obesogenic dietary practices of Latino and Asian subgroups of children in California: an analysis of the California Health Interview Survey, 2007–2012. Am J Public Health 105, e105–e112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S, Moore, L, Galuska, D, et al. (2014) Vital signs: fruit and vegetable intake among children – United States, 2003–2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63, 671–676.Google ScholarPubMed
Watowicz, R & Taylor, C (2014) A comparsion of beverage intakes in US children based on WIC participation and eligibility. J Nutr Educ Behav 46, Suppl. 3, S59–S64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storey, M & Anderson, P (2014) Income and race/ethnicity influence dietary fiber intake and vegetable consumption. Nutr Res 34, 844–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ettienne-Gittens, R, McKyer, L, Odum, M, et al. (2013) Rural versus urban Texas WIC participants’ fruit and vegetable consumption. Am J Health Behav 37, 129–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Hoog, MLA, Kleinman, K, Gillman, M, et al. (2014) Racial/ethnic and immigrant differences in early childhood diet quality. Public Health Nutr 17, 1308–1317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kong, A, Odoms-Young, A, Schiffer, L, et al. (2013) Racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake among WIC families prior to food package revisions. J Nutr Educ Behav 45, 39–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salvo, D, Frediani, J, Ziegler, T, et al. (2012) Food group intake patterns and nutrient intake vary across low-income Hispanic and African American preschool children in Atlanta: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 11, 62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kant, A & Graubard, B (2010) Contributors of water intake in US children and adolescents: associations with dietary and meal characteristics – National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. Am J Clin Nutr 92, 887–896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kann, L, McManus, T, Harris, W, et al. (2018) Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ 67, 1–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunford, E, Poti, J & Popkin, B (2017) Emerging disparities in dietary sodium intake from snacking in the US population. Nutrients 9, E610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosinger, A, Herrick, K, Gahche, J, et al. (2017) Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Among U.S. Youth, 2011–2014, NCHS Data Brief no. 271. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Piernas, C & Popkin, B (2011) Increased portion sizes from energy-dense foods affect total energy intake at eating occasions in US children and adolescents: patterns and trends by age group and sociodemographic characteristics, 1977–2006. Am J Clin Nutr 94, 1324–1332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendez, M, Sotres-Alvarez, D, Miles, D, et al. (2014) Shifts in the recent distribution of energy intake among U.S. children aged 2–18 years reflect potential abatement of earlier declining trends. J Nutr 144, 1291–1297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kant, A & Graubard, B (2011) 20-Year trends in dietary and meal behaviors were similar in U.S. children and adolescents of different race/ethnicity. J Nutr 141, 1880–1888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, N, Story, M, Eisenberg, M, et al. (2016) Secular trends in meal and snack patterns among adolescents from 1999 to 2010. J Acad Nutr Diet 116, 240–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunford, E & Popkin, B (2018) 37 Year snacking trends for US children 1977–2014. Pediatr Obes 13, 247–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guerrero, A & Chung, P (2016) Racial and ethnic disparities in dietary intake among California children. J Acad Nutr Diet 116, 439–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tate, N, Dillaway, H, Yarandi, H, et al. (2015) An examination of eating behaviors, physical activity, and obesity in African American adolescents: gender, socioeconomic status, and residential status differences. J Pediatr Health Care 29, 243–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleich, S & Wolfson, J (2015) Trends in SSBs and snack consumption among children by age, body weight, and race/ethnicity. Obesity 23, 1039–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taveras, E, Gillman, M, Kleinman, K, et al. (2010) Racial/ethnic differences in early-life risk factors for childhood obesity. Pediatrics 125, 686–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Guglielmo, D & Welsh, J (2018) Consumption of sugars, saturated fat, and sodium among US children from infancy through preschool age, NHANES 2009–2014. Am J Clin Nutr 108, 868–877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McElligott, J, Roberts, J, Varadi, E, et al. (2012) Variation in fruit juice consumption among infants and toddlers: associations with WIC participation. South Med J 105, 364–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, A, Smith-Taillie, L & Popkin, B (2016) Added sugars intake across the distribution of US children and adult consumers: 1977–2012. J Acad Nutr Diet 116, 1543–1550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quader, Z, Zhao, L, Gillespie, C, et al. (2017) Sodium intake among persons ages ≥2 years – United States, 2013–2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66, 324–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carriquiry, A, Moshfegh, A, Steinfeldt, L, et al. (2013) Trends in the prevalence of excess dietary sodium intake – United States, 2003–2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62, 1021–1025.Google Scholar
Nickelson, J, Lawrence, J, Parton, J, et al. (2014) What proportion of preschool-aged children consume sweetened beverages? J Sch Health 84, 185–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ervin, R & Ogden, C (2013) Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients in Children and Adolescents from 1999–2000 Through 2009–2010, NCHS Data Brief no. 113. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Slining, M & Popkin, B (2013) Trends in intakes and sources of solid fats and added sugars among US children and adolescents: 1994–2010. Pediatr Obes 8, 307–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, E & Powell, L (2013) Consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 113, 43–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fulgoni, V & Quann, E (2012) National trends in beverage consumption in children from birth to 5 years: analysis of NHANES across three decades. Nutr J 11, 92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ervin, R, Kit, B, Carroll, M, et al. (2012) Consumption of Added Sugar Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2005–2008, NCHS Data Brief no. 87. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Reedy, J & Krebs-Smith, S (2010) Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 110, 1477–1484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piernas, C & Popkin, B (2010) Trends in snacking among U.S. children. Health Aff 29, 398–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poti, J & Popkin, B (2011) Trends in energy intake among U.S. children by eating location and food source, 1977–2006. J Am Diet Assoc 111, 1156–1164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, N, Hannan, P, Fulkerson, J, et al. (2014) Secular trends in fast-food restaurant use among adolescents and maternal caregivers from 1999 to 2010. Am J Public Health 104, e62–e69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masters, M, Stanek Krogstrand, KL, Eskridge, K, et al. (2014) Race/ethnicity and income in relation to the home food environment in US youth aged 6 to 19 years. J Acad Nutr Diet 114, 1533–1543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chi, D, Dinh, M, da Fonseca, MA, et al. (2015) Dietary research to reduce children’s oral health disparities: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis of socioeconomic status, food insecurity, and fast-food consumption. J Acad Nutr Diet 115, 1599–1604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berge, J, Truesdale, K, Sherwood, N, et al. (2017) Beyond the dinner table: who’s having breakfast, lunch and dinner family meals and which meals are associated with better diet quality and BMI in pre-school children? Public Health Nutr 20, 3275–3284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D, Wall, M, Fulkerson, J, et al. (2013) Changes in the frequency of family meals from 1999–2010 in the homes of adolescents: trends by sociodemographic characteristics. J Adolesc Health 52, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, N, MacLehose, R, Fulkerson, J, et al. (2013) Eating breakfast and dinner together as a family: associations with sociodemographic characteristics and implications for diet quality and weight status. J Acad Nutr Diet 113, 1601–1609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, N, Eisenberg, M, Berge, J, et al. (2015) Ethnic/racial disparities in adolescents’ home food environments and linkages to dietary intake and weight status. Eat Behav 16, 43–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deming, D, Reidy, K, Fox, M, et al. (2017) Cross-sectional analysis of eating patterns and snacking in the US Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008. Public Health Nutr 20, 1584–1592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rehm, C & Drewnowski, A (2016) Trends in consumption of solid fats, added sugars, sodium, sugar-sweetened beverages, and fruit from fast food restaurants and by fast food restaurant type among US children, 2003–2010. Nutrients 8, E804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, D, van der Horst, K, Jacquier, E, et al. (2016) Snacking among US children: patterns differ by time of day. J Nutr Educ Behav 48, 369–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, S, Racine, E, Mueffelmann, R, et al. (2014) Family meals and diet quality among children and adolescents in North Carolina. J Nutr Educ Behav 46, 418–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vikraman, S, Fryar, C & Ogden, C (2015) Caloric Intake from Fast Food Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2011–2012, NCHS Data Brief no. 213. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Kant, A & Graubard, B (2013) Family income and education were related with 30-year time trends in dietary and meal behaviors of American children and adolescents. J Nutr 143, 690–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, L, Nguyen, B & Han, E (2012) Energy intake from restaurants: demographics and socioeconomics, 2003–2008. Am J Prev Med 43, 498–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berge, J, Tate, A, Trofholz, A, et al. (2018) Examining variability in parent feeding practices within a low-income, racially/ethnically diverse, and immigrant population using ecological momentary assessment. Appetite 127, 110–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruzicka, E, Darling, K, Fahrenkamp, A, et al. (2018) Familial influences on the use of controlling feeding practices with adolescents. Appetite 127, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loth, K, MacLehose, R, Fulkerson, J, et al. (2013) Eat this, not that! Parental demographic correlates of food-related parenting practices. Appetite 60, 140–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ding, D, Sallis, J, Norman, G, et al. (2012) Community food environment, home food environment, and fruit and vegetable intake of children and adolescents. J Nutr Educ Behav 44, 634–638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, S, Parks, E, Kumanyika, S, et al. (2012) Child-feeding practices among Chinese–American and non-Hispanic White caregivers. Appetite 58, 922–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonsalves, D, Hawk, H & Goodenow, C (2014) Unhealthy weight control behaviors and related risk factors in Massachusetts middle and high school students. Matern Child Health J 18, 1803–1813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D, Wall, M, Larson, N, et al. (2012) Secular trends in weight status and weight-related attitudes and behaviors in adolescents from 1999 to 2010. Prev Med 54, 77–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, D, Kann, L, Kinchen, S, et al. (2012) Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ 61, 1–162.Google ScholarPubMed
Austin, S, Spadano-Gasbarro, J, Greaney, M, et al. (2011) Disordered weight control behaviors in early adolescent boys and girls of color: an under-recognized factor in the epidemic of childhood overweight. J Adolesc Health 48, 109–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, R, Peterson, K, Hunt, A, et al. (2017) Racial/ethnic and weight status disparities in dieting and disordered weight control behaviors among early adolescents. Eat Behav 26, 104–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee-Winn, A, Reinblatt, S, Mojtabai, R, et al. (2016) Gender and racial/ethnic differences in binge eating symptoms in a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States. Eat Behav 22, 27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loth, K, Fulkerson, J & Neumark-Sztainer, D (2014) Food-related parenting practices and child and adolescent weight and weight-related behaviors. Clin Pract 11, 207–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jennings, K, Kelly-Weeder, S & Wolfe, B (2015) Binge eating among racial minority groups in the United States: an integrative review. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 21, 117–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, N, Miller, J, Watts, A, et al. (2016) Adolescent snacking behaviors are associated with dietary intake and weight status. J Nutr 146, 1348–1355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fulkerson, J, Larson, N, Horning, M, et al. (2014) A review of associations between family or shared meal frequency and dietary and weight status outcomes across the lifespan. J Nutr Educ Behav 46, 2–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (2016) Meals and Snacks: Distribution of Meal Patterns and Snack Occasions, by Gender and Age, in the United States, 2013–2014: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013–2014. Beltsville, MD: Food Surveys Research Group.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (2016) Snacks: Percentages of Selected Nutrients Contributed by Food and Beverages Consumed at Snack Occasions, by Gender and Age, in the United States, 2013–2014: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013–2014. Beltsville, MD: Food Surveys Research Group.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (2016) Meals and Snacks: Distribution of Meal Patterns and Snack Occasions, by Race/Ethnicity and Age, in the United States, 2013–2014: What We Eat in America. NHANES 2013–2014. Beltsville, MD: Food Surveys Research Group.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (2016) Meals and Snacks: Distribution of Meal Patterns and Snack Occasions, by Family Income (as % of Poverty Level) and Age, in the United States, 2013–2014: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013–2014. Beltsville, MD: Food Surveys Research Group.Google Scholar
Shloim, N, Edelson, L, Martin, N, et al. (2015) Parenting styles, feeding styles, feeding practices, and weight status in 4–12 year-old children: a systematic review of the literature. Front Psychol 6, 1849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérez-Escamilla, R, Segura-Pérez, S, Lott, M, et al. (2017) Feeding Guidelines for Infants and Young Toddlers: a Responsive Parenting Approach. Durham, NC: Healthy Eating Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yee, A, Lwin, M & Ho, S (2017) The influence of parental practices on child promotive and preventive food consumption behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 14, 47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, T, Masse, L, Tu, A, et al. (2017) Food parenting practices for 5 to 12 year old children: a concept map analysis of parenting and nutrition experts input. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 14, 122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaffney, K, Brito, A, Kitsantas, P, et al. (2016) Early feeding practices and weight status at one year of age: a comparison of Hispanic immigrant mother–infant dyads with participants of the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. Child Obes 12, 384–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loth, K, MacLehose, R, Larson, N, et al. (2016) Food availability, modeling and restriction: how are these different aspects of the family eating environment related to adolescent dietary intake? Appetite 96, 80–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D, Story, M, Hannan, PJ, et al. (2002) Weight-related concerns and behaviors among overweight and nonoverweight adolescents: implications for preventing weight-related disorders. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156, 171–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tester, J, Lang, T & Laraia, B (2016) Disordered eating behaviours and food insecurity: a qualitative study about children with obesity in low-income households. Obes Res Clin Pract 10, 544–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruening, M, MacLehose, R, Loth, K, et al. (2012) Feeding a family in a recession: food insecurity among Minnesota parents. Am J Public Health 102, 520–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D, Flattum, C, Story, M, et al. (2008) Dietary approaches to healthy weight management for adolescents: The New Moves model. Adolesc Med State Art Rev 19, 421–430.Google ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D, Friend, S, Flattum, C, et al. (2010) New Moves – preventing weight-related problems in adolescent girls: a group-randomized study. Am J Prev Med 39, 421–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, C, Goldschmidt, A, Mason, S, et al. (2019) Differences in risk factors for binge eating by socioeconomic status in a community-based sample of adolescents: findings from Project EAT. Int J Eat Disord 52, 659–668.Google Scholar
Buckingham-Howes, S, Armstrong, B, Pejsa-Reitz, M, et al. (2018) BMI and disordered eating in urban, African American, adolescent girls: the mediating role of body dissatisfaction. Eat Behav 29, 59–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Najjar, R, Jacob, E & Evangelista, L (2018) Eating behaviors, weight bias, and psychological functioning in multi-ethnic, low-income adolescents. J Pediatr Nurs 38, 81–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman-Jensen, A, Rabbitt, M, Gregory, C, et al. (2019) Household Food Security in the United States in 2018, Economic Research Report no. 270. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service.Google Scholar
Byker, C & Smith, T (2015) Food assistance programs for children afford mixed dietary quality based on HEI-2010. Nutr Res 35, 35–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming-Milici, F & Harris, J (2018) Television food advertising viewed by preschoolers, children and adolescents: contributors to differences in exposure for Black and White youth in the United States. Pediatr Obes 13, 103–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, J, Schwartz, M, LoDolce, M, et al. (2014) Sugary Drink f.a.c.t.s.: Food Advertising to Children and Teens Score. Hartford, CT: Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. http://www.sugarydrinkfacts.org/resources/sugarydrinkfacts_report.pdf (accessed September 2019).Google Scholar
Harris, J, Frazier, W, Kumanyika, S, et al. (2019) Increasing Disparities in Unhealthy Food Advertising Targeted to Hispanic and Black Youth. Hartford, CT: Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. http://uconnruddcenter.org/files/Pdfs/TargetedMarketingReport2019.pdf (accessed September 2019).Google Scholar
Harris, J, Schwartz, M, Munsell, C, et al. (2013) Fast Food f.a.c.t.s.: Food Advertising to Children and Teens Score 2013: Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity. http://fastfoodmarketing.org/media/FastFoodFACTS_Report.pdf (accessed September 2019).Google Scholar
Bauer, K, MacLehose, R, Loth, K, et al. (2015) Eating- and weight-related parenting of adolescents in the context of food insecurity. J Acad Nutr Diet 115, 1408–1416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, L & Karpati, A (2007) Understanding the sociocultural roots of childhood obesity: food practices among Latino families of Bushwick, Brooklyn. Soc Sci Med 64, 2177–2188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, E, Kavanagh, P, Young, R, et al. (2008) Food insecurity and compensatory feeding practices among urban Black families. Pediatrics 122, e854–e860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, N & Story, M (2015) Barriers to equity in nutritional health for U.S. children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Curr Nutr Rep 4, 102–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arteaga, I, Potochnick, S & Parsons, S (2017) Decomposing the household food insecurity gap for children of U.S.-born and foreign-born Hispanics: evidence from 1998 to 2011. J Immigr Minor Health 19, 1050–1058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (2019) The Food Assistance Landscape: FY 2018 Annual Report, Economic Information Bulletin no. 207. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service.Google Scholar
McCormack, L & Meendering, J (2016) Diet and physical activity in rural vs urban children and adolescents in the United States: a narrative review. J Acad Nutr Diet 116, 467–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodside, J, Draper, J, Lloyd, A, et al. (2017) Use of biomarkers to assess fruit and vegetable intake. Proc Nutr Soc 76, 308–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calzo, J, Blashill, A, Brown, T, et al. (2017) Eating disorders and disordered weight and shape control behaviors in sexual minority populations. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19, 49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chzhen, Y, Moor, I, Pickett, W, et al. (2018) International trends in ‘bottom-end’ inequality in adolescent physical activity and nutrition: HBSC study 2002–2014. Eur J Public Health 28, 624–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piernas, C, Wang, D, Du, S, et al. (2016) Obesity, non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors and dietary factors among Chinese school-aged children. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 25, 826–840.Google ScholarPubMed
Corvalán, C, Garmendia, M, Jones-Smith, J, et al. (2017) Nutrition status of children in Latin America. Obes Rev 18, Suppl. 2, 7–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed