Hostname: page-component-68945f75b7-qf55q Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-06T06:57:00.419Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ethno-Symbolic Nationalism, Orthodoxy and the Installation of Communism in Romania: 23 August 1944 to 30 December 1947

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Lucian N. Leustean
Lucian N. Leustean*
Affiliation:
Department of Government, London School of Economics, U.K. L.N.Leustean@lse.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The presence of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe and the reshaping of Europe's internal borders sped up the separation between the Eastern and Western blocs in the first years after the end of the Second World War. In countries where communism had been declared illegal or lacked the support of the electorate before 1944, the accession of communist leaders to governmental structures had been advanced by the politics of the Soviet Union, based on systematised political intimidation, institutionalised violence, and blackmail. The communist authorities then legitimised their political positions in relation to the historical past of their countries and according to the development of their societies after the Second World War.

Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , December 2005 , pp. 439 - 458
Copyright
Copyright © 2005 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Boia, L. (2001) History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness (Budapest: Central European University Press).Google Scholar
Bolitho, H. (1939) Romania under King Carol (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode).Google Scholar
Burducea, C. (1945) “Cuvântul la deschiderea Congresului general al preoţilor ortodocşi şi al slujitorilor tuturor cultelor din România” [The Speech at the Opening of the General Congress of the Orthodox Priests and of All Cults in Romania], in Statutul Uniunii Preoţilor Democraţi din România, [The Statute of the Union of the Democratic Priests in Romania] (Bucharest).Google Scholar
Cândea, S. (1946) Îndatoriri actuale ale Bisericii Ortodoxe Române [Current Obligations of the Romanian Orthodox Church] (Sibiu: Tipografia Arhidiecezană).Google Scholar
Churchill, W. (1954) The Second World War, Vol. 6 (London: Cassell).Google Scholar
Crainic, N. (1936) “Naţionalismul sub aspect creştin” [Nationalism from a Christian Perspective], Sfarmă-Piatră, Vol. 2, No. 56.Google Scholar
Cristea, M. (1922) Rânduiala Doxologiei din prilejul incoronârii majestâţilor lor Regelui Ferdinand I şi a Reginei Maria [The Doxology Ceremony during the Enthronement of Their Majesties King Ferdinand I and Queen Maria] (Bucharest: Tipografia Cărţilor Bisericeşti).Google Scholar
Cristea, M. (1937) “O datorie naţională” [A National Duty], Universul, Vol. 229, No. 54.Google Scholar
Deletant, D. (1999a) Romania under Communist Rule (Iasi, Oxford, Portland: Center for Romanian Studies).Google Scholar
Deletant, D. (1999b) Communist Terror in Romania. Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State, 1948–1965 (New York: St Martin's Press).Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1915) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. J. Swain, (London: Allen & Unwin).Google Scholar
Fischer, M. E. (1989) Nicolae Ceausescu. A Study in Political Leadership (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).Google Scholar
Fischer-Galati, S. (1967) The New Rumania. From People's Democracy to Socialist Republic (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press).Google Scholar
Georgescu, V. (1991) The Romanians. A History, trans. Alexandra Bley-Vroman (London and New York: Tauris).Google Scholar
Gilberg, T. (1984) “Religion and Nationalism in Romania,” in Ramet, P., ed., Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics (Durham, NC: Duke Press Policy Studies), pp. 170–186.Google Scholar
Gillet, O. (1997) Religion et Nationalisme. L'Ideologie de l'Eglise Orthodoxe Roumaine sous le Regime Communiste (Brussels: Université de Bruxelles).Google Scholar
Ioanid, R. (1990) The Sword of the Archangel. Fascist Ideology in Romania (New York and Boulder, CO: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Ionescu, G. (1964) Communism in Rumania, 1944–1962 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press).Google Scholar
Ispir, V. G. (1938) Misiunea actuală a Bisericii Ortodoxe Răsăritene (Misiunea externă a bisericii noastre) [The Present Mission of the Eastern Orthodox Church (The External Mission of Our Church)] (Bucharest: Tipografia Cărţilor Bisericeşti).Google Scholar
Justinian, (1948a) Apostolat social. Pilde şi indemnuri pentru cler [Social Apostolate. Examples and Appeals towards Clergy], Vol. 2 (Bucharest: Tipografia Cărţilor Bisericeşti).Google Scholar
Justinian (1948b) Pastorala de Sfintele Paşti [Pastoral Letter for Easter].Google Scholar
Justinian (1948c) Pastorala la Naşterea Domnului [Pastoral Letter for the Lord's Birthday].Google Scholar
Justinian (1948d) Pastorala adresată clerului şi dreptbinecredinciosului popor cu prilejul Anului Nou [Pastoral Letter to Clerics and Faithful People on New Year's Eve].Google Scholar
Justinian (1949) Apel către clerul şi poporul Bisericii Române Unite [Appeal to the Clerics and People of the Romanian Uniate Church] (Bucharest: Tipografia Cărţilor Bisericeşti).Google Scholar
Marina, J. (1931) “Cooperaţia şi creştinismul” [Cooperation and Christianity], Renaşterea [Rebirth], Vol. 10, pp. 49–57, 108–116, 419–422.Google Scholar
Markham, R. H. (1949) Rumania under the Soviet Yoke (Boston: Meador).Google Scholar
Moisescu, I. (1949) “Problema naţională şi rezolvarea ei democratică in Republica Populară Română. Rolul Bisericii in lupta contra şovinismului, antisemitismului şi antisovietismului” [The National Problem and Its Democratic Solution in the People's Republic of Romania. The Role of Church against Chauvinism, Anti-Semitism and Anti-Sovietism], Studii Teologice [Theological Studies], Vols 7–8, pp. 669–690.Google Scholar
Mojzes, P. (1992) Religion Liberty in Eastern Europe and the USSR Before and After the Great Transformation (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs; New York: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Nicodim (1941a) Sfat duhovnicesc către toată suflarea românească [Spiritual Advice to all Romanian People] (Bucharest: Tipografia Cărţilor Bisericeşti).Google Scholar
Nicodim (1941b) Biruinţa nu se poate dobândi numai prin destoinicia clerului, ci prin vitejia intregii oştiri creştine [Victory Cannot Only Be Obtained through Clerical Ability, but through the Courage of the Christian Army] (Bucharest: Tipografia Cărţilor Bisericeşti).Google Scholar
Nicodim (1944a) Tele grama către Majestatea Sa Regele Mihai I24 August [Telegram to His Majesty King Michael I].Google Scholar
Nicodim (1944b) Pastorala 9 Octombrie [Pastoral Letter 9 October].Google Scholar
Nicodim (1948) Pastorala pentru Republica Populară Română [Pastoral Letter for the People's Republic of Romania].Google Scholar
Nielsen, N. C. (1991) Revolutions in Eastern Europe. The Religious Roots (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books).Google Scholar
Păiuşan, C. and Ciuceanu, R. (2001) Biserica Ortodoxă Română sub regimul communist 1945–1958 [The Romanian Orthodox Church under the Communist Regime 1945–1958], Vol. 1 (Bucharest: Institutul National Pentru Studiul Totalitarismului. Colecţia Documente).Google Scholar
Păiuşan, C., Ion, N. and Retegan, M. (2002) Regimul comunist din România. O cronologie politică (1945–1989) [The Communist Regime in Romania. A Political Chronology (1945–1989)] (Bucharest: Tritonic).Google Scholar
Quinlan, P. D. (1977) Clash over Romania. British and American Policies towards Romania: 1938–1947 (Los Angeles: American Romanian Academy).Google Scholar
Rădulescu, A. C. (1949) “Libertatea religioasă in Republica populară română” [Religious Liberty in the People's Republic of Romania], Ortodoxia [Orthodoxy], Vols 2–3, pp. 3–56.Google Scholar
Ramet, P. (1987) Cross and Commissar. The Politics of Religion in Eastern Europe and the USSR (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press).Google Scholar
Ramet, S. P. (1998) Nihil Obstat. Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Ratiu, I. (1949) “The Communist Attacks on the Catholic and Orthodox Churches in Rumania,” Eastern Churches Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 163–197.Google Scholar
Romanian Security State Archives (1946a) Collection D, Dossier 2327, f. 77, 6 February.Google Scholar
Romanian Security State Archives (1946b) Collection D, Dossier 2488, Vol. I, f. 77–84, February.Google Scholar
Romanian Security State Archives (1947a) Collection D, Dossier 9471, f. 102, 12 June.Google Scholar
Romanian Security State Archives (1946b) Collection D, Dossier 9471, f. 82–87, 5 June.Google Scholar
Romanian Security State Archives (1946c) Collection D, Dossier 9471, f. 89, 5 June.Google Scholar
Romanian Security State Archives (1946d) Collection D, Dossier 9471, f. 102, 12 June.Google Scholar
Scarfe, A. (1977) “Patriarch Justinian of Romania: His Early Social Thought,” Religion in Communist Lands, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 164–169.Google Scholar
Scarfe, A. (1988) “The Romanian Orthodox Church,” in Ramet, P., ed., Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twentieth Century (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Scurtu, I., Alexandru, I., Bulei, I. and Mamina, I. (2002) Enciclopedia de Istorie a României [The Encyclopaedia of the History of Romania], 3rd edn (Bucharest: Meronia).Google Scholar
Seton-Watson, R. W. (1963) A History of the Romanians. From Roman Times to the Completion of Unity (London: Archon Books).Google Scholar
Vasile, C. (2003) Între Vatican şi Kremlin. Biserica Greco-Catolică in timpul regimului communist [Between Vatican and Kremlin. The Greek-Catholic Church during the-Communist Regime] (Bucharest: Curtea Veche).Google Scholar
Velehorschi, G. (1939) Colaborarea Bisericii Ortodoxe Române cu Straja Ţării [The Collaboration between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Country's Guard] (Bucharest: Tipografia Cărţilor Bisericeşti).Google Scholar
Verdery, K. (1991) National Ideology under Socialism (Berkeley: University of California Press).Google Scholar