Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gq7q9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T08:33:16.011Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Urban Archaeology in Cyrenaica 1969-1989: the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2015

J. A. Lloyd
J. A. Lloyd*
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

During the past two decades all the major cities of Cyrenaica have seen new fieldwork, and much has been achieved. The Department of Antiquities has been active, particularly in the increasingly important area of rescue archaeology. Its resolute and skilful efforts have included very important work at Shahat (Cyrene) (Walker (in Walda and Walker), this volume) and at Benghazi (Berenice). At the latter city, one of the least known in Cyrenaica, the Department's excavations at Sidi Khrebish demonstrated the rich archaeological potential of the site and led to the large-scale campaigns of 1971-5, in which the Society for Libyan Studies was deeply involved.

Generous support has also been extended to British teams at Euesperides (Berenice's predecessor), Driana (Hadrianopolis), Tocra (Tauchira) and Tolmeita (Ptolemais); to the Italian Mission, whose work at Cyrene has proceeded throughout the period; to the major American investigation of the extra-mural Demeter sanctuary at the same site; and to the French Mission, which has conducted annual campaigns at Susa (Apollonia) since 1976. There has also been productive research into the minor towns.

Perhaps the outstanding feature of the period under review, however, has been publication. No less than thirteen major site reports (see bibliography under Apollonia, Berenice, Cirene, Cyrene and Tocra), several works of synthesis (Goodchild 1971; Huskinson 1975; Rosenbaum and Ward-Perkins 1980; Stucchi 1975), collected papers (Goodchild 1976) and a profusion of shorter studies in journals, conference proceedings (Barker, Lloyd and Reynolds 1985; Gadallah 1971; Stucchi and Luni 1987) and exhibition publications (Missione Italiana 1987) have appeared — a very rich harvest. Many of course, had their genesis in earlier research, particularly during the fecund years of Richard Goodchild's controllership. Amongst much else, this saw Boardman and Hayes' exemplary Tocra project, which in its use of quantification, scientific analysis and other techniques anticipated later British and American work; the University of Michigan's extensive research at Apollonia; and the inauguration of the Italian Mission, under S. Stucchi, to Cyrene (Stucchi 1967), whose work on the architectural development, art and anastylosis of the city continues to make an outstanding contribution to our appreciation of Libya's archaeology and cultural heritage.

Type
Research Article
Information
Libyan Studies , Volume 20 , January 1989 , pp. 77 - 90
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Libyan Studies 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdussaid, A. 1971. Barqa modern El-Merj. Libya Antiqua 8: 121–128.Google Scholar
Abusbee, A. M. 1985. The Churches of Cyrenaica. An Architectural and Art Historical Study. (Unpublished M.Litt. thesis, Univ. of Newcastle).Google Scholar
Apollonia i. 1979. Goodchild, R. G., Pedley, J. G. and White, D., Apollonia the Port of Cyrene. Excavations by The University of Michigan 1965-1967 (ed. Humphrey, J. H.). Supplements to Libya Antiqua 4. Tripoli.Google Scholar
Apollonia ii. 1979. McAleer, J. P., A Catalogue of Sculpture from Apollonia, Supplements to Libya Antiqua 6. Tripoli.Google Scholar
Applebaum, S. 1979. Jews and Greeks in Ancient Cyrenaica. Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, C. 1974. The Ptolemais aqueduct. Libyan Studies 5: 24–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, C. and Bazama, A. 1975. The aqueduct of Ptolemais, Libya Antiqua 11–12: 243–249.Google Scholar
Attiya, B., Stucchi, S., Bacchielli, L., Luni, M., Gambini, W. and Purcaro, V. 1975. Prima escurzione nello Uadi Senab e nel Got Giaras. Libya Antiqua 11–12: 251–295.Google Scholar
Bacchielli, L. 1976. Un Piatello ‘di Genucilia’. I rapporti di Cirene con Thalia nella seconda metà del IV a.c.Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia: 99–107.Google Scholar
Bailey, D. M. 1972. Crowe's tomb at Benghazi. Annual of the British School at Athens 67: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, D. M. 1985a. Index to Libyan Studies Vols. 1–15. Libyan Studies 16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, D. M. 1985b. The lamps of Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice): imported and local products. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 195–204.Google Scholar
Bailey, D. M. 1988. Crowe's tomb at Benghazi — a postscript. Libyan Studies 19: 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldassare, I. 1976. Mosaici ellenistica a Cirene e a Delo: rapporti e differenze. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 8: 193–221.Google Scholar
Barker, G. 1985. Agricultural organisation in classical Cyrenaica: the potential of subsistence and survey data. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 121–134.Google Scholar
Barker, G., Lloyd, J. and Reynolds, J. (eds.). 1985. Cyrenaica in Antiquity. Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers 1. BAR International Series 236. Oxford.Google Scholar
Berenice i. 1977. Lloyd, J. A., Reece, R. M., Reynolds, J. M. and Sear, F., Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) Vol. 1: Buildings, Coins, Inscriptions, Architectural Decoration. With a summary of dated deposits edited by P. M. Kenrick (ed. J. A. Lloyd). Supplements to Libya Antiqua 5. Tripoli.Google Scholar
Berenice ii. 1979. Barker, G., Bonnano, A. and Riley, J. A., Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) Vol. 2: Economic life at Berenice, Sculpture and Terracottas, Coarse Pottery (ed. J. A. Lloyd). Supplements to Libya Antiqua 5. Tripoli.Google Scholar
Berenice iii. 1985. Kenrick, P., Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) Vol. III. 1: Fine Pottery, Supplements to Libya Antiqua 5. Tripoli.Google Scholar
Berenice iv. 1985. Bailey, D. M., Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) Vol. III. 2: Lamps, Supplements to Libya Antiqua 5. Tripoli.Google Scholar
Chamoux, F. 1986. Information. CRAI: 501.Google Scholar
Cirene i. 1967. Stucchi, S.L'agorà di Cirenel. Rome.Google Scholar
Cirene ii. 1981. Bacchielli, L., L'agorà di Cirene II, 1. Rome.Google Scholar
Cirene iii. 1981. Ermeti, A. L., L'agorà di Cirene III, 1. Rome.Google Scholar
Cirene iv. 1983. Stucchi, S. & Bacchielli, L., L'agorà di Cirene II, 4. Rome.Google Scholar
Cyrene i. 1984. White, D.The extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. Final Reports. Vol. 1. Background and introduction to the excavations. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Cyrene ii. 1985. Schaus, G. P.The extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene (Libya). Vol. 2. The East Greek. Island and Laconian Pottery, (ed. White, D.). Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Cyrene iii. 1987. Lowenstam, S., Moore, M. B., Kenrick, P. M. and Fuller, T.The extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene (Libya). Vol. III, (ed. White, D.). Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Davesne, A. 1987. Le stade d'Apolloniade Cyrénaïque. Libya Antiqua 15–16: 245–254.Google Scholar
Davesne, A. and Garlan, Y., 1987. Découverte d'un lot de figurines grecques en terre cuite. Libya Antiqua 15–16: 199–226.Google Scholar
Dent, J., Lloyd, J. A. and Riley, J. A. 1983. Some Hellenistic and Roman tombs from Benghazi. Libya Antiqua 13–14: 131–212.Google Scholar
Di Vita, A. 1983. La Libia nel ricordo dei viaggatori e nell'esplorazione archeologica della fine del monde antico ad oggi: brevi note. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 13: 63–86.Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R. P. 1978. Aqueduct capacity and city population. Libyan Studies 9: 51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, S. 1985. The ‘Palace of the Dux’ at Apollonia and related houses. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 15–25.Google Scholar
Fabbricotti, E. 1985. Influenza Attica a Tolemaide nel 2 sec. d. C. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 219–229.Google Scholar
Flemming, N. 1965. In (ed. du Plat Taylor, J.) Marine Archaeology. London.Google Scholar
Fulford, M. 1987. Economic interdependence among urban communities of the Roman Mediterranean. World Archaeology 19.1: 58–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadallah, F. (ed.). 1971. Libya in History. Benghazi.Google Scholar
Garlan, Y. 1985. L'enceinte fortifiée à Apollonia de Cyrénaïque. CRAI: 362–376.Google Scholar
Gasperini, L. 1975. Bibliografia archeologica della Libia 1967-1973. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 7: 189–196.Google Scholar
Giardina, A. (ed.). 1986. Società romana e impero tardoantico: III. Le merci. Rome.Google Scholar
Gibson, S., Ward-Perkins, J. B. and Little, J. H. 1978. Excavation reports: Ptolemais 1978. Libyan Studies 9: 5–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodchild, R. G. 1961. The decline of Cyrene and the rise of Ptolemais: two new inscriptions. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 4: 83–95.Google Scholar
Goodchild, R. G. 1967. A coin-hoard from ‘Balagrae’ (El-Beida), and the earthquake of AD 365. Libya Antiqua 3–4: 203–211.Google Scholar
Goodchild, R. G. 1971. Kyrene und Apollonia. Zurich.Google Scholar
Goodchild, R. G. 1976. Libyan Studies (ed. Reynolds, J.). London.Google Scholar
Harrison, R. 1985. The building materials of churches in Cyrenaica. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 231–235.Google Scholar
Huskinson, J. 1975. Roman Sculpture from Cyrenaica in the British Museum. London.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. L. 1973. Jabal al-Akhdar, Cyrenaica: an Historical Geography of Settlement and Livelihood. Chicago.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M. 1971. Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces. Second edition, Oxford.Google Scholar
Jones, G. D. B. 1983. Excavations at Tocra and Euesperides, Cyrenaica 1968-1969. Libyan Studies 14: 109–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, G. D. B. 1984. The Byzantine bath house at Tocra: a summary report. Libyan Studies 15: 107–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, G. D. B. 1985. Beginnings and endings in Cyrenaican cities. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 27–34.Google Scholar
Jones, G. D. B. and Little, J. H. 1971a. Coastal settlement in Cyrenaica. JRS 61: 64–79.Google Scholar
Jones, G. D. B. and Little, J. H. 1971b. Hadrianopolis. Libya Antiqua 8: 53–68.Google Scholar
Kenrick, P. 1985. Patterns of trade in fine pottery at Berenice. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 249–257.Google Scholar
Kenrick, P. 1987a. Patterns of trade at Berenice: the evidence of the fine wares. Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 25–26: 137–154.Google Scholar
Kenrick, P. 1987b. Hellenistic and Roman fine ware. In Cyrene iii: part III.Google Scholar
Kléberg, T. 1957. Hôtels restaurants et cabarets dans L'antiquité Romaine. Uppsala.Google Scholar
Kraeling, C. H. 1962. Ptolemais, City of the Libyan Pentapolis. Chicago.Google Scholar
Laronde, A. 1983. Kainopolis de Cyrénaïque et la géographie historique. CRAI: 67–85.Google Scholar
Laronde, A. 1985a. Aspects de l'exploitation de la chora Cyrénéène. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 183–191.Google Scholar
Laronde, A. 1985b. Apollonia de Cyrénaïque et son histoire. Neuf ans de recherches. CRAI: 93–115.Google Scholar
Laronde, A. 1987. Cyrène et la Libye hellénistique. CNRS, Paris.Google Scholar
Laronde, A. 1988. La Cyrénaïque romaine, des origines à la fin des Sévères. ANRW Principat 10.1: 1006–1064.Google Scholar
Little, J. H. 1978. Harbours and settlement in Cyrenaica. Libyan Studies 9: 43–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, J. H. 1980. Excavations in the north-east quadrant: 1st interim report. Libyan Studies 11: 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, J. H., 1985. Urban change at Ptolemais. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 43–47.Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. A. 1985. Some aspects of urban development at Euesperides-Berenice. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 49–66.Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. A. forthcoming. The cities of Cyrenaica in the third century AD. In the Proceedings of the colloquium on Cyrenaica held in Rome 1988.Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. A. and Lewis, P. R. 1977. Water supply and urban population in Roman Cyrenaica. Libyan Studies 8: 35–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd-Morgan, G. 1976. A new hand mirror from Roman Libya. Libyan Studies 7: 23–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd-Morgan, G. 1983. A new hand-mirror from Roman Libya. Libya Antiqua 13–14: 213–218.Google Scholar
Luni, M. 1976a. Document! per la storia della istituzione ginnasiale e dell'attività atletica in Cirenaica. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 8: 223–284.Google Scholar
Luni, M. 1976b. Istituzione ginnasiale e attività atletica a Cirene. Africa 31, 1: 103–132.Google Scholar
Luni, M. 1979. Il caravanserraglio di Cirene ed indagine preliminare sui percorsi interni della Cirenaica. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 10: 49–65.Google Scholar
Luni, M. 1985. Atelier di lucerne a Cirene. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 259–276.Google Scholar
Luni, M. 1987a. Il santuario rupestre libyo délie ‘Immagini’ a Slonta (Cirenaica). Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 12: 415–458.Google Scholar
Luni, M. 1987b. Il Ginnasio-Cesareo nel quartiere monumentale del'agorà. In Missione Italiana: 41–46.Google Scholar
Mackay, A. 1975. Houses, Villas and Palaces in the Roman world. London.Google Scholar
Martelli, F. 1976. Terra sigillata arretina e tardo-italica a Cirene. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 8: 431–434.Google Scholar
Michaelides, D. 1981. The Pavements of Roman Benghazi (Libya). Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Institute of Archaeology, University of London.Google Scholar
Michaelides, D. 1982. Review of Rosenbaum and Ward-Perkins 1980. Libyan Studies 13: 116–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaelides, D. 1985. Some aspects of marble imitation in mosaic. Sludi Miscellanei 26: 155–163.Google Scholar
Michaelides, D. forthcoming. Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice) Vol. IV. Mosaics, Marble and Wall Paintings.Google Scholar
Missione Italiana. 1987. Da Batto Aristotele a lbn al-As: introduzione alla mostra. Rome.Google Scholar
Paci, G. 1979. Bibliografia archeologica della Libia 1974-1977. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 10: 105–118.Google Scholar
Paci, G. 1980. Bibliografia archeologica della Libia 1978-1979. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 11: 139–143.Google Scholar
Peacock, D. P. S. and Williams, D. F. 1986. Amphorae and the Roman Economy. London and New York.Google Scholar
Pierini, M. G. 1971. La tomba di ‘Menecrate’ a Barca in Cirenaica. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 6: 23–34.Google Scholar
Price, J. 1985. Late Hellenistic and early Imperial vessel glass at Berenice. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 287–296.Google Scholar
Pye, J. 1975. The painted wallplaster from house H, Sidi Khrebish. Libyan Studies 6: 25–29.Google Scholar
Rebuffat, R., Joulia, J. C., Monthal, G., Lenoir, E. 1987. Note préliminaire sur les Grands Thermes d'Apollonia. Libya Antiqua 15–16; 263–268.Google Scholar
Reese, D. S. 1980. Industrial exploitation of murex shells: purple dye and lime production at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice). Libyan Studies 11: 79–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, J. 1977. The cities of Cyrenaica in decline. In (ed. Duval, P.-M. and Frézouls, Ed.) Thèmes de recherches des villes antiques d'Occident. Paris: 53–58.Google Scholar
Riley, J. A. 1975a. Excavations of a kiln site at Tocra, Libya, in August 1974. Libyan Studies 6: 30–32.Google Scholar
Riley, J. A. 1975b. Neutron activation analysis of waster sherds from Tocra. Libyan Studies 6: 30–32.Google Scholar
Riley, J. A. 1979. The petrological investigation of Roman and Islamic ceramics from Cyrenaica. Libyan Studies 10: 35–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, J. A. 1980a. The excavations at Tocra 1974. Libyan Studies 11: 53–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, J. A. 1980b. Industrial standardisation in Cyrenaica during the second and third centuries AD: the evidence from locally manufactured pottery. Libyan Studies 11: 73–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, J. A. 1981a. Imported grain mills at Cyrene. Libyan Studies 12: 55–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, J. A. 1981b. Amphoras in the Apollonia museum store. Libyan Studies 12: 75–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, J. A. 1983. Excavation of a kiln site at Tocra, Libya in August 1974. Libya Antiqua 13–14: 235–264.Google Scholar
Romanelli, P. 1943. La Cirenaica Romana. Verbania.Google Scholar
Roques, D. 1987. Synésios de Cyrène et la Cyrénaïque du bas-empire. CNRS, Paris.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, E. 1960. Cyrenaican Portrait Sculpture. London.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, E. and Ward-Perkins, J. B. 1980. Justinianic Mosaic Pavements in Cyrenaican Churches. Rome.Google Scholar
Rostovtzeff, M. 1932. Caravan Cities. Oxford.Google Scholar
Scobie, A. 1986. Slums, sanitation and mortality in the Roman world. Klio 68: 399–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaiboub, A. 1979. Domestic architecture in Libya. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Soricelli, G. 1987. ‘Tripolitanian’ sigillata: North African or Campanian? Libyan Studies 18: 73–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucchi, S. 1967. Cirene 1957-1966. Tripoli.Google Scholar
Stucchi, S. 1975. Architettura Cirenaica. Rome.Google Scholar
Stucchi, S. and Luni, M. (eds). 1987. Cirene e i Libyi. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libia 12.Google Scholar
Tocra i. 1966. Boardman, J. and Hayes, J.Excavations at Tocra 1963-1965. Vol. 1: The Archaic Deposits I. London.Google Scholar
Tocra ii. 1973. Boardman, J. and Hayes, J.Excavations at Tocra 1963-1965. Vol. 2: The Archaic Deposits II and Later Deposits. London.Google Scholar
Van der Werft, J. H. 1986. Review of Berenicei and ii. Bonner Jahrbucher 186: 848–851.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. 1972. Cyrenaica 1961-1971. In Archaeological Reports for 1971-2: 27–43.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. and Bazama, A. 1971. A fifth century BC tomb in Cyrenaica. Libya Antiqua 8: 69–84.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, J. B. 1981. Roman Imperial Architecture. Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, J. B., Little, J. H. and Mattingly, D. J. 1986. Town houses at Ptolemais. Libyan Studies 17: 109–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, D. 1985. Cyrene's suburban expansion south of its ramparts. In Barker, , Lloyd, and Reynolds, : 106–117.Google Scholar
Wycherley, R. E. 1978. The Stones of Athens. Princeton.Google Scholar
York, R. 1972. A survey of ancient harbours in Cyrenaica. Libyan Studies 3: 3–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
York, R. 1973. A survey of harbours in Cyrenaica. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 2: 200–201.Google Scholar