Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-sjtt6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-17T11:52:55.214Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Peripheral State Debate: State Capitalist and Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2022

William L. Canak
William L. Canak*
Affiliation:
Brown University
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In 1975 the Trilateral Commission published Crozier, Huntington, and Wantanuki's Crisis of Democracy, which questioned the compatibility of stable capitalist development and traditional democratic freedoms in the advanced capitalist nations, a theme echoed in Lindblom (1977), Lindberg et al. (1975), Nisbet (1975), and Huntington (1981). Living in capitalist societies whose recent experience is strikingly nondemocratic, Latin American scholars have felt most urgently the need to assess critically this contradiction and its implications for general political tendencies within the process of capitalist development. In the 1970s, directly in response to events in the major industrialized Latin American nations (especially Brazil, Argentina, and Chile), theoretical and empirical research has reformulated the terrain of debate regarding the relationship of political, economic, and social relations in peripheral capitalist nations. This new vocabulary and new set of hypotheses about state structure and state intervention suggest explanations for the nondemocratic political structure and the increasingly expansive and intensive role of the state in the process of capital accumulation in Latin America.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , 1984 , pp. 3 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © 1984 by Latin American Research Review

Footnotes

*

I am indebted to Gary Gereffi and Ira Katznelson for their helpful suggestions and to anonymous reviewers and editors for insightful comments that substantially improved this essay.

References

Aguilar, A. 1970 “Problemas y perspectivas de un cambio radical.” In Fernando Carmona et al., El milagro mexicano. Mexico: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo.Google Scholar
Alavi, Hamza 1973 “The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh.” In Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia, edited by Aberle, Kathleen Gough and Sharma, Itari P. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Altvater, Ernst 1973 “Some Problems of State Interventionism.” Kapitalistate 1, 1–2.Google Scholar
Amin, Samir 1976 Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Andersen, Gosta, Friedland, Roger, and Wright, Erik O. 1976 “Modes of Class Struggle and the Capitalist State.” Kapitalistate 4–5.Google Scholar
Apter, David A. 1965 The Politics of Modernization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Apter, David A. 1969 Some Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Modernization. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Apter, David A. 1971 Choice and the Politics of Allocation. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Arruda, Marcos 1979 “A Study of Capitalism in Brazil.” Latin American Perspectives no. 23 (Fall), 6,4.Google Scholar
Baer, Werner 1974 “The Role of Government Enterprises in Latin America's Industrialization.” In Fiscal Policy for Industrialization and Development in Latin America, edited by Geithman, David T. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida.Google Scholar
Baer, Werner 1976 “On State Capitalism in Brazil.” Interamerican Economic Affairs 30, no. 3.Google Scholar
Baer, Werner, Kerstenetsky, Isaac, and Villela, Annibal Villanova 1973 “The Changing Role of the State in the Brazilian Economy.” World Development 1, no. 11.Google Scholar
Baer, Werner, Newfarmer, Richard, and Trebat, Thomas 1976 “State Capitalism and Economic Development.” Mimeo for Conference on Implementation in Latin America's Public Sector: Translating Policy into Reality, Austin, Texas, 25 April–1 May.Google Scholar
Banks, Arthur S. 1971 Cross Polity Time-Series Data. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Barker, Colin 1978 “The State as Capital.” International Socialism 1 (July).Google Scholar
Bartra, Roger 1978 El poder despótico burgúes. Mexico: ERA.Google Scholar
Bennett, Douglas, and Sharpe, Kenneth E. 1979a “Agenda Setting and Bargaining Power: The Mexican State versus Transnational Automobile Corporations.” World Politics 32: 57–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, Douglas, and Sharpe, Kenneth E. 1979b “Transnational Corporations and the Political Economy of Export Promotion: The Case of the Mexican Automobile Industry.” International Organization 33: 177–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, Douglas, and Sharpe, Kenneth E. 1979c “El Estado como banquero y empresario: el carácter de última instancia de intervención económica del estado mexicano, 1917–1970.” Foro Internacional 20, 1 (July-Sept.).Google Scholar
Bettelheim, Charles 1976 Class Struggles in the U.S.: The First Period, 1917–1923. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Boddy, R., and Crotty, J. 1974 “Class Conflict, Keynesian Policy and the Business Cycle.” Monthly Review of Radical Political Economy, no. 7.Google Scholar
Booth, David, and Sorj, Bernardo, EDS. 1983 Military Reformism and Social Classes: The Peruvian Experience, 1968–1980. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BorÓN, Atilio 1979 “New Forms of the Capitalist State in Latin America: An Exploration.” Race and Class 20, no. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozzoli, Belinda 1978 “Capital and the State in South Africa.” Review of African Political Economy, no. 11 (Jan.-Apr.).Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 1972 “Dependency and Development in Latin America.” New Left Review (July-Aug.).Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 1973 “As Contradições do Desenvolvimento-Associado.” Fundação Alemã para o Desenvolvimento Internacional. Mimeo.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 1975 Autoritarismo e Democratização. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra. 1979 “On the Characterization of Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America.” In Collier 1979.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Faletto, Enzo 1972 Estado y sociedad en América Latina. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Nueva Visión.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Faletto, Enzo 1977 “Estado y proceso político en América Latina.” Revista Mexicana de Sociología, no. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Faletto, Enzo 1979 Dependency and Development in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castells, Manuel 1975 “The New Structure of Dependence and the Political Processes of Social Change in Latin America.” Paper presented at the Conference of the Sociedad Interamericana de Planificación, Panama City, Panama, September.Google Scholar
Chalmers, David A. 1977 “The Politicized State in Latin America.” In Malloy 1977.Google Scholar
Chattopadhyay, Paresh 1970 “State Capitalism in India.” Monthly Review 21, no. 10 (Mar.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cliff, Tony 1974 State Capitalism in Russia. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Cockcroft, James D., Frank, AndrÉ Gunder, and Johnson, Dale 1972 Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America's Political Economy. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Coleman, James S. 1960 “Conclusion: The Political Systems of Developing Areas.” In The Politics of Developing Areas, edited by Almond, G. A. and Coleman, James S. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, David, ED. 1979 The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, David, and Collier, Ruth B. 1977 “Who Does What, to Whom, and How: Toward a Comparative Analysis of Latin American Corporatism.” In Malloy 1977.Google Scholar
Cotler, Julio 1979 “State and Regime: Comparative Notes on the Southern Cone and the ‘Enclave’ Societies.” In Collier 1979.Google Scholar
Crozier, Michael, Huntington, Samuel, and Wantanuki, Joji 1975 The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Cutright, Philip 1963 “National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis.” American Sociological Review 28, no. 2 (April).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowbor, L. 1977 A Formação do Capitalismo Dependente no Brasil. Lisbon: Prelo Editôra.Google Scholar
n.d. “Salaires et profits dan le candre de la Division Internationale du Travail.” Bissau. Manuscript.Google Scholar
Dupuy, Arthur, and Truchil, Barry 1979 “Problems in the Theory of State Capitalism.” Theory and Society 8, no. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, Susan 1977a The Poverty of Revolution: The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan 1977b “The State and Urban Poor.” In Reyna and Weinert 1977.Google Scholar
Emmanuel, Arrishi 1974 “Myths of Development vs Myths of Underdevelopment.” New Left Review, no. 85.Google Scholar
Engels, Friedrich 1962 Anti-Duhring. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter 1977 “Multinationals, State-Owned Corporations, and the Transformation of Imperialism: A Brazilian Case Study.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 26, no. 1 (Oct.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Peter 1979 Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State and Local Capital in Brazil. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faucher, Phillipe 1980 “Industrial Policy in a Dependent State: The Case of Brazil.” Latin American Perspectives, no. 24 (Winter), 7, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FernÁNdez, RaÚL A., and Ocampo, JosÉ 1975 “The Andean Pact and State Capitalism in Colombia.” Latin American Perspectives, no. 6 (Summer), 2, 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferner, Anthony 1983 “The Industrialists and the Peruvian Development Model.” In Booth and Sorj 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, E. V. K. 1976a “State Capitalism in Peru.” Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, no. 20 (June).Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, E. V. K. 1976b The State and Economic Development: Peru since 1968. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, E. V. K. 1977 Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference on the State and Economic Development in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, E. V. K. 1978 “The State and Capital Accumulation in Mexico.” Journal of Latin American Studies 10, no. 2 (Nov.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, E. V. K. 1979 The Political Economy of Peru, 1956–1978: Economic Development and the Restructuring of Capital. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan 1980 “Has Brazil Moved toward State Capitalism?” Latin American Perspectives, no. 24 (Winter), 7, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, AndrÉ Gunder 1967 Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution? New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Frank, AndrÉ Gunder 1969 Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Furtado, Celso 1973 “The Post–1964 Brazilian ‘Model’ of Development.” Studies in Comparative International Development 8, no. 2 (Summer).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gereffi, Gary 1983 The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gereffi, Gary, and Evans, Peter 1981 “Transnational Corporations, Dependent Development and State Policy in the Semi-Periphery: A Comparison of Brazil and Mexico.” LARR 16, no. 3: 31–64.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, Alexander 1962 Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gold, David, Lo, Clarence, and Wright, Erik O. 1975 “Some Recent Developments in Marxist Theories of the State.” Monthly Review.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GonzÁLez Casanova, Pablo 1970 Democracy in Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gough, Ian 1975 “State Expenditure in Advanced Capitalism.” New Left Review, no. 92.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert 1979 “The Turn to Authoritarianism in Latin America and the Search for its Economic Determinants.” In Collier 1979.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1981 American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
James, Cyril L. R. 1969 State Capitalism and World Revolution. Detroit: Facing Reality Publishing Committee.Google Scholar
Jessop, Bob 1977 “Recent Theories of the Capitalist State.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, no. 1.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Robert R. 1977 “Mexico and Latin American Authoritarianism.” In Reyna and Weinert 1977.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Robert R. 1979 “Industrial Change and Authoritarian Rule in Latin America: A Concrete Review of the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model.” In Collier 1979.Google Scholar
Kurth, James R. 1979 “Industrial Change and Political Change: A European Perspective.” In Collier 1979.Google Scholar
Langdon, Steven 1977 “The State and Capitalism in Kenya.” Review of African Political Economy (Jan.-Apr.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lechner, Norbert 1977 La crisis del estado en América Latina. Caracas: El Cid Editor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir I. 1960a “The Impending Catastrophe and How to Combat It.” Collected Works, Volume 27. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House.Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir I. 1960b “Left-Wing Childishness and the Petty Bourgeois Mentality.” Collected Works, Volume 27. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House.Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir I. 1960c “The Tax in Kind.” Collected Works, Volume 32. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House.Google Scholar
Lindberg, Leon, Alford, Robert, Crouch, Colin, and Offe, Clause 1975 Stress and Contradictions in Modern Capitalism. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Charles E. 1977 Politics and Markets: The World's Political-Economic Systems. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan 1970 “An Authoritarian Regime: Spain.” In Mass Politics, edited by Rokkan, S. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan 1975 “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes.” In Handbook of Political Science, Volume 3; edited by Greenstein, F. and Polsby, N. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour M. 1959 “Some Political Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” The American Political Science Review 53, no. 1 (Mar.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mcmichael, Philip, Petras, James, and Rhodes, Robert 1974 “Imperialism and the Contradictions of Development.” New Left Review, no. 85 (May-June).Google Scholar
Malloy, James 1977 Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Martins, Carlos Estevan, ED. 1977 Estado e Capitalismo no Brasil. São Paulo: HUCITEC-CEBRAP.Google Scholar
Mattick, Paul 1969 Marx and Keynes. Boston: Porter and Sargent.Google Scholar
Montes De Oca, Rosa Elena 1977 “The State and the Peasants.” In Reyna and Weinert 1977.Google Scholar
Mueller, W. and Neussuess, C. 1975 “The Illusions of State Socialism and the Contradiction between Wage-Labour and Capital.” Telos no. 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munck, Ronaldo 1979 “State Intervention in Brazil: Issues and Debates.” Latin American Perspectives, no. 23 (Fall), 6, 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newfarmer, Richard 1980 In Conglomerates and the Economics of Dependent Development, edited by Airman, Edward I. and Walter, Ingo Greenwich, Conn.: Jai Press.Google Scholar
Newton, Ronaldo 1970 “On ‘Functional Groups,’ ‘Fragmentation,’ and ‘Pluralism’ in Spanish American Political Society.” Hispanic American Historical Review 50, no. 1 (February):1–29.Google Scholar
Nisbet, Robert 1975 The Twilight of Authority. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O'CONNOR, JAMES 1973 The Fiscal Crisis of the State. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1973 Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1975 Acerca del “corporativismo” y la cuestión del estado. Buenos Aires: CEDES.Google Scholar
O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1976 Estado y alianzas en la Argentina, 1956–1976. Buenos Aires: CEDES.Google Scholar
O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1977 “Corporatism and the Question of the State.” In Malloy 1977.Google Scholar
O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1978a “Reflection on the Patterns of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State.” LARR 13, no. 1: 3–38.Google Scholar
O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1978b Notas para el estudio de la burguesía local, con especial referencia a sus vinculaciones estatal. CEDES Estudios Sociales no. 12. Buenos Aires: CEDES.Google Scholar
O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1982 “Reply to Remmer and Merkx.” LARR 17, no. 2: 41–50.Google Scholar
Oszlak, Oscar 1977 “Notas críticas para una teoría de la burocracia estatal.” Documento CEDES/G.E., CLACSO no. 8. Buenos Aires: CEDES.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oszlak, Oscar, and O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO 1976 “Estado y políticas estatales en América Latina: hacia una estrategia de investigación.” Documento CEDES/G.E., CLACSO no. 4. Buenos Aires: CEDES.Google Scholar
Palloix, Christian 1975 L'Internationalisation du capital. Paris: Maspero.Google Scholar
Palmer, David S. 1977 “The Politics of Authoritarianism in Spanish America.” In Malloy 1977.Google Scholar
PÉREZ SÁINZ, JUAN PABLO 1980 “Towards a Conceptualization of State Capitalism in the Periphery.” The Insurgent Sociologist 9, no. 4 (Spring).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petras, James 1977 “State Capitalism and the Third World.” Development and Change 8, no. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfeifer, Karen 1979 “State Capitalism and Development.” Middle East Research and Information Project Reports 9, no. 7.Google Scholar
Pirez, Pedro 1979 “Estado y economía: dos perspectivas teóricas.” Foro Internacional 20, no. 1 (July-Sept.).Google Scholar
Piven, Francis F., and Cloward, Richard 1971 Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Prado, Caio JR. 1966 A Revolução Brasileira. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense.Google Scholar
Purcell, Susan Kaufman 1973 “Decision Making in an Authoritarian Regime: Theoretical Implications from a Mexican Case Study.” World Politics 26 (October).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purcell, Susan Kaufman 1975 The Mexican Profit-Sharing Decision: Politics in an Authoritarian Regime. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purcell, Susan Kaufman 1977 “The Future of the Mexican System.” In Reyna and Weinert 1977.Google Scholar
Purcell, Susan Kaufman 1972 “Imperialismo y capitalismo del estado.” Sociedad y Política (Lima) 1 (June).Google Scholar
Remmer, Karen L., and Merkx, Gilbert W. 1982 “Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism Revisited.” LARR 17, no. 2: 3–40.Google Scholar
Reyna, JosÉ Luis 1977 “Redefining the Authoritarian Regime.” In Reyna and Weinert 1977.Google Scholar
Reyna, JosÉ L., and Weinert, Richard S., EDS. 1977 Authoritarianism in Mexico. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro, Darcy 1971 El dilema de América Latina: estructuras del poder y fuerzas insurgentes. Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe C. 1971 Interest, Conflict and Political Change in Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe C. 1974 “Still the Century of Corporatism?” In The New Corporatism: Social Political Structures in the Iberian World, edited by Pike, Fredrick P. and Stritch, Thomas Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Serra, JosÉ 1979 “Three Mistaken Theses regarding the Connection between Industrialization and Authoritarian Regimes.” In Collier 1979.Google Scholar
Silvert, Kalman, ED. 1963 Expectant Peoples. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Soares, GlÁUcio Ary Dillon 1977 “The Web of Exploitation: State and Peasants in Latin America.” Studies in Comparative International Development 7, no. 3 (Fall).Google Scholar
Sorj, Bernardo 1976 “The State in Peripheral Capitalist Formations.” Ph.D. dissertation, Manchester University.Google Scholar
Sorj, Bernardo 1983 “Public Enterprises and the Question of the State Bourgeoisie.” In Booth and Sorj 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stepan, Alfred 1978 The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sunkel, Osvaldo 1972 “National Development Policy and External Dependence in Latin America.” In Contemporary Inter-American Relations, edited by Ferguson, Yale H. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Szentes, TomÁS 1976 The Political Economy of Underdevelopment. Budapest: Akademia Kiado.Google Scholar
Thomas, Clive Y. 1974 Dependence and Transformation, the Economics of the Transition to Socialism. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Torpik, Stephen 1979 “The Evolution of the Economic Role of the Brazilian State, 1889–1930.” Journal of Latin American Studies 2, no. 2.Google Scholar
Villarreal, RenÉ 1977 “The Policy of Import-Substituting Industrialization, 1929–1975.” In Reyna and Weinert 1977.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel 1974 The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Warren, Bill 1973 “Imperialism and Capitalist Industrialization.” New Left Review, no. 81 (Sept.-Oct.).Google Scholar
Weinert, Richard S. 1977 “The State and Foreign Capital.” In Reyna and Weinert 1977.Google Scholar
Wiarda, Howard J. 1973 “Toward a Framework for the Study of Political Change in the Iberic-Latin Tradition: The Corporative Model.” World Politics, no. 25 (Jan.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiarda, Howard J. 1974 “Corporatism and Development in the Ibero-Latin World.” In The New Corporatism, edited by Pike, Fredrick B. and Stritch, Thomas Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Erik O. 1975 “Alternative Perspectives in the Marxist Theory of Accumulation and Crisis.” Insurgent Sociologist 6, no. 1 (Fall).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Erik O. 1979 Class, Crisis and the State. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Ziemann, W., and Lanzendorfer, M. 1977 “The State in Peripheral Societies.” The Socialist Register 1977, edited by Miliband, R. and Saville, J.Google Scholar