Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T09:03:16.366Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Continuing Quest for El Dorado: Round Two

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Betty J. Meggers
Betty J. Meggers*
Affiliation:
MRC-112, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An increasing number of publications supports the autonomous development of dense sedentary populations with advanced social organization throughout Amazonia in spite of abundant archaeological, ethnographic, physical, and biological evidence for environmental limitations to sustainable intensive exploitation of the varzea as well as the terra firme. Three articles in recent issues of Latin American Antiquity dispute the validity of the data collected during three decades of survey by participants of the Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueológicas na Bacia Amazônica, which indicate that surviving indigenous groups perpetuate settlement and social behavior adopted at least 2,000 years ago, when the widespread use of pottery makes it detectable. Correction of the misunderstandings contributing to this "revisionist" assessment is essential because uncritical acceptance of the conclusions not only conflicts with ecological and archaeological evidence, but provides support for the unconstrained deforestation of the region.

Un creciente número de publicaciones apoya el desarrollo autónomo de poblaciones densas y sedentarias con organización social avanzada a lo largo de la Amazonía a pesar de la abundante evidencia arqueológica, etnográfica, física y biológica de la existencia de limitaciones medioambientales para la explotación intensiva sostenible de la varzea como de la terra firme. Tres artículos en números recientes de Latin American Antiquity rechazan la credibilidad de la evidencia recolectada durante tres décadas de prospecciones realizadas por los participantes del Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueológicas na Bacia Amazónica, que sostiene que los grupos indígenas sobrevivientes conservan un comportamiento habitacional y social desarrollado por lo menos hace 2000 años, cuando el uso de la cerámica lo torna visible. Una clarificación de los malentendidos que contribuyen a esta evaluación <<revisionista>> es esencial, porque una aceptación de las conclusiones no solamente contradice la evidencia ecológica y arqueológica, si no que respalda la deforestación desenfrenada de la región.

Type
Comments
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , September 2001 , pp. 304 - 325
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abbot, David R. 2000 Ceramics and Community Organization Among the Hohokam. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Acuña, Cristóbal de 1946 Nuevo descubrimiento del Gran Río de las Amazonas. Emecé Editores, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Alès, Catherine, and Pouyllau, Michel 1992 La conquete de I’inutile: les géographies imaginaires de l’El Dorado. L’Homme 32(122–124):271–308.Google Scholar
Ammerman, Albert J., Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L., and Wagener, Diane K. 1976 Toward the Estimation of Population Growth in Old World Prehistory. In Demographic Anthropology, Quantitative Approaches, edited by Ezra B. W. Zubrow, pp. 27–61. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Arnold, Dean E. 1993 Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Community. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Basso, Ellen B. 1973 The Kalapalo Indians of Central Brazil. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Becquelin, Pierre, and Michelet, Dominique 1995 Demografía in la zona puuc: el recurso del método. Latin American Antiquity 5:289–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, Winfred E. H., and Magalháes, Luis M. S. 1987 Restrições edáficas de solos na bacia sedimentar amazônica á utilização agrária. In Homem e natureza na Amazônia, edited by Gerd Kohlhepp and Achim Schrader. pp. 83–92. Tübinger Geographische Studien 95. Geographisches Institut der Universität Tübingen.Google Scholar
Bodmer, Richard 1995 Susceptibility of Mammals to Overhunting in Amazonia. In Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future, edited by John A. Bissonette and Paul R. Krausman, pp. 292–295. Wildlife Society, Bethesda.Google Scholar
Brack Egg, Antonio 1997 Pobreza y manejo adecuado de los recursos en la Amazonía peruana. Revista Andina 15(1): 15–30.Google Scholar
Brumbach, Hetty Jo 1985 Ceramic Analysis and the Investigation of Matrilocality at the Smith Mohawk village site. North American Archaeologist 6:341–355.Google Scholar
Carneiro, Robert 1970 Hunting and Hunting Magic Among the Amahuaca of the Peruvian Montaña. Ethnology 9:331–341.Google Scholar
Cerón Solarte, Benhur 1991 El manejo indígena de la selva pluvial tropical: orientaciones para un desarrollo sostenido. AbyaYala, Quito.Google Scholar
Chernela, Janet 1989 Managing Rivers of Hunter: The Tukano of Brazil. Advances in Economic Botany 7:238–248.Google Scholar
Clark, Kathleen, and Uhl, Christopher 1984 Deterioro de la vida de subsistencia traditional en San Carlos de Rio Negro. Interciencia 9:358–365.Google Scholar
Coimbra, Carlos E. A. Jr. 1988 Human Settlements, Demographic Pattern, and Epidemiology in Lowland Amazonia: The Case of Chagas’ Disease. American Anthropologist 90:82–97.Google Scholar
Colson, Audrey B. 1983–84 The Spatial Component in the Political Structure of the Carib Speakers of the Guiana Highlands: Kapon and Pemon. Antropológica 59/62:73–124.Google Scholar
Creamer, Winifred, and Haas, Jonathan 1998 Less than Meets the Eye: Evidence for Protohistoric Chiefdoms in Northern New Mexico. In Chiefdoms and Chieftaincy in the Americas, edited by Elsa M. Redmond, pp. 43–67. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
DeBoer, Warren R. 1989 The House that Jesusito Built. In Households and Communities, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Chacmool Conference, pp. 478–489. Archeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
DeBoer, Warren R. 1997 Ceremonial Centres from the Cayapas (Esmeraldas, Ecuador) to Chillicothe (Ohio.USA). Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7:240–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBoer, Warren R., Kintigh, Keith, and Rostoker, Arthur G. 1996 Ceramic Sedation and Site Reoccupation in Lowland South America. Latin American Antiquity 7:263–278.Google Scholar
Descola, Philippe 1994 In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Dias, Ondemar F., and de Carvalho, Eliana T. 1988 As estruturas de terra na arqueologia do Acre. Arqueo-IAB (Textos Avulsos) 1:14–28. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Dillehay, Tom D. 1990 Mapuche Ceremonial Landscape, Social Recruitment and Resource Rights. World Archaeology 22:223–241.Google Scholar
Dillehay, Tom D. 1999 El formativo andino: problemas y perspectivas demográficas. In Formativo Sudamericano, una revaluatión, edited by Paulina Ledergerber-Crespo, pp. 255–267. AbyaYala, Quito.Google Scholar
Dougherty, Bernardo, and Calandra, Horacio H. 1981 Nota preliminar sobre investigaciones arqueológicas en los llanos de Moxos, Departamento del Beni, República de Bolivia. Revista do Museo de La Plata 8:87–106.Google Scholar
Dougherty, Bernardo, and Calandra, Horacio H. 1984 Prehistoric Human Settlement in the Llanos de Moxos, Bolivia. Quaternary of South America and Antarctic Peninsula 2:163–199. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Boston.Google Scholar
Dougherty, Bernardo, and Calandra, Horacio H. 1984–85 Ambiente y arqueología en el oriente boliviano: la provincia Iténez del departamento Beni. Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología 16:37–61.Google Scholar
Duff, Andrew I. 1996 Ceramic Micro-Seriation: Types or Attributes? American Antiquity 61:89–101.Google Scholar
Eden, Michael J. 1974 Ecological Aspects of Development among Piaroa and Guahibo Indians of the Upper Orinoco Basin. Antropológica 39:25–56.Google Scholar
Erickson, Clark L. 2000 An Artificial Landscape-scale Fishery in the Bolivian Amazon. Nature 408:190–193.Google Scholar
Evans, Clifford, and Meggers, Betty J. 1960 Archeological Investigations in British Guiana. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 177. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Evans, Clifford, and Meggers, Betty J. 1968 Archeological Investigations on the Rio Napo, Eastern Ecuador. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 6. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Evans, Clifford, Meggers, Betty J., and Cruxent, José M. 1960 Preliminary Results of Archeological Investigations along the Orinoco and Ventuari Rivers. Adas del 33° Congreso International de Americanistas, pp. 359–369. San José, Costa Rica.Google Scholar
Fajardo, Gloria, and Torres, William 1987 Ticuna. In Introductión a la Colombia Ameríndia, pp. 165–175. Institute Colombiano de Antropologia, Bogotá.Google Scholar
Fearnside, Philip M. 1990 Estimation of Human Carrying Capacity in Rainforest Areas. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5:192–196.Google Scholar
Foresta, Ronald A. 1991 Amazon Conservation in the Age of Development: The Limits of Providence. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Frechione, John 1990 Supervillage Formation in the Amazonian Terra Firme: The Case of Asenöña. Ethnology 29:117–133.Google Scholar
Gallois, Dominique 1981 Os Waiãpi e seu territorio. Boletin do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Antropologia No. 80. Belém.Google Scholar
Good, Kenneth 1995 The Yanomami Keep on Trekking. Natural History 104:56–65.Google Scholar
Graves, Michael W. 1994 Kalinga Social and Material Culture Boundaries: A Case of Spatial Convergence. In Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology, edited by William A. Longacre and James M. Skibo, pp. 13–49. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Gregor, T. 1977 Mehinaku: The Drama of Daily Life in a Brazilian Indian Village. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Grenard, Pierre 1980 Introduction á l’étude de l’invers Wayãpi: ethnoécologie des Indiens du Haut-Oyapock (Guyana française). Langues et Civilisations á Tradition Orale 40. Société d’Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, Paris.Google Scholar
Gross, Daniel R. 1983 Village Movement in Relation to Resources in Amazonia. In Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers, pp. 429–449. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1985 Excavations in Small Residential Groups of Tikal: Groups 4F–1 and 4F–2. Tikal Report No. 19, University Museum Monograph 59. The University Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Heaton, Herbert C. (editor) 1934 The Discovery of the Amazon According to the Account of Friar Gaspar de Carvajal and Other Documents. American Geographical Society Special Publication 17. American Geographical Society, New York.Google Scholar
Heckenberger, Michael J., Petersen, James B., and Neves, Eduardo G. 1999 Village Size and Permanence in Amazonia: Two Archaeological Examples from Brazil. Latin American Antiquity 10:353–376.Google Scholar
Hemming, John 1978 The Search for El Dorado. Michael Joseph Ltd., London.Google Scholar
Henley, Paul 1982 The Panare: Tradition and Change on the Amazonian Frontier. Yale University Press, New Haven.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilbert, Peter P. 1959 Preliminary Results of Archeological Investigations in the Vicinity of the Mouth of the Rio Negro. Actas del 33° Congreso International de Americanistas, Volume II:370–377. San José, Costa Rica.Google Scholar
Hilbert, Peter P. 1962 New Stratigraphic Evidence of Culture Change on the Middle Amazon (Solimões). Akten des 34° Internationalen Amerikanisten-kongresses, pp. 471–476. Vienna.Google Scholar
Hilbert, Peter P. 1968 Archäologische Untersuchungen am Mittleren Amazonas. Marburger Studien zur Völkerkunde 1. Dietrich Riemer Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Hill, Jonathan, and Moran, Emilio F. 1983 Adaptive Strategies of Wakuénai People to the Oligotropic Rain Forest of the Rio Negro Basin. In Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers, pp. 113–135. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hill, Kim, and Padwe, Jonathan 2000 Sustainability of Aché Hunting in the Mbaracayu Reserve, Paraguay. In Hunting for Sustainability in the Tropical Forests, edited by John G. Robinson and Elizabeth L. Bennett, pp. 79–105. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hodges, H. W. M. 1965 Aspects of Pottery in Temperate Europe Before the Roman Empire. In Ceramics and Man, edited by Frederick R. Matson, pp. 114–123. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 41. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Jordan, Carl F. (editor) 1987 Amazonian Rain Forests: Ecosystem Disturbance and Recovery. Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Joanna O. 1975 The Piaroa: a People of the Orinoco Basin. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lamb, F. Bruce 1987 The Role of Anthropology in Tropical Forest Ecosystem Resource Management and Development. The Journal of Developing Areas 21:429–458.Google Scholar
Linares de Sapir, Olga 1969 Diola Pottery of the Fogny and the Kasa. Expedition 11(3):2–11.Google Scholar
Lipo, Carl P., Madson, Mark E., Dunnell, Robert C., and Hunt, Tim 1997 Population Structure, Cultural Transmission and Frequency Seriation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16:301–333.Google Scholar
Longacre, William A. 1964 Sociological Implications of the Ceramic Analysis. Fieldiana, Anthropology 55:155–170.Google Scholar
Longacre, William A. 1985 Pottery Use-life Among the Kalinga, Northern Luzon, the Philippines. In Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics, edited by Ben A. Nelson, pp. 334–346. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Lourandos, H. 1997 Continent of Hunter-gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Martin, Paul S., Rinaldo, John B., and Antevs, Ernest 1949 Cochise and Mogollon Sites, Pine Lawn Vallley, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana, Anthropology 38(1):1–232.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1987 The Early History of Man in Amazonia. In Biogeography and Quaternary History in Tropical America, edited by Tim C. Whitmore and Ghillean T. Prance, pp. 151–174. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1991 Cultural Evolution in Amazonia. In Profiles in Cultural Evolution, edited by A. Terry Rambo and Kathleen Gillogly, pp. 191–216. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1992a Amazonia: Real or Counterfeit Paradise? The Review of Archaeology 13(2):25–40.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1992b Prehistoric Population Density in the Amazon Basin. In Disease and Demography in the Americas, edited by John W. Verano and Douglas H. Ubelaker, pp. 197–205. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1992c Reconstruçáo do comportamento locacional préhistórica na Amazônia. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Antropologia 6:183–203. Belém.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1994 Archeological Evidence for the Impact of Mega-Niño Events on Amazonia during the Past Two Millennia. Climatic Change 28:321–338.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1995a Amazonia on the Eve of European Contact: Ethnohistorical, Ecological, and Anthropological Perspectives. Revista de Arqueología Americana 8:91–115.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1995b Archaeological Perspectives on the Potential of Amazonia for Intensive Exploitation. In: The Fragile Tropics of Latin America, edited by Toshie Nishizawa and Juha I. Uitto, pp. 68–93. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1995c Judging the Future by the Past: The Impact of Environmental Instability on Prehistoric Amazonian Populations. In Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia, edited by Leslie E. Sponsel, pp. 15–43. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1996a Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. Second Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1996b Possible Impact of Mega-Niño Events on Pre-columbian Populations of the Caribbean Area. Ponencias del Primer Seminario de Arqueología del Caribe, edited by Marcio Veloz Maggiolo and Angel Caba Fuentes, pp. 156–176. Altos de Chavón, República Dominicana.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1999 La utilidad de secuencias cerámicas seriadas para inferir conducta social préhistorica. El Caribe Arqueológico 3:2–19.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J., Dias, Ondemar F., Miller, Eurico Th., and Perota, Celso 1988 Implications of Archeological Distributions in Amazonia. Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, edited by Paulo Vanzolini and W. Ronald Heyer. pp. 275–294. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J., and Evans, Clifford 1957 Archeological Investigations at the Mouth of the Amazon. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 167. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J., and Maranca, Silvia 1980 Uma reconstituiáão de organização social, baseada na distribuição de tipos de cerâmica num sitio habitação da tradição Tupiguarani. Pesquisas, Antropologia 31:227–247. Instituto Anchietano de Pesquisas, São Leopoldo.Google Scholar
Merona, Bernard de 1990 Amazon Fisheries: General Characteristics Based on Two Case-studies. Interciencia 15:461–475.Google Scholar
Miller, Eurico T. 1983 História da cultura indígena do alto Medio-Guaporé (Rondônia e Mato Grosso). Tesis de Mestrado em História da Cultura Brasileira, PUCRS, Porto Alegre.Google Scholar
Miller, Eurico T. 1992 Adaptaçóo agrícola pré-histórica no Alto Rio Madeira. In Prehistoria Sudamericana: Nuevas Perspectivas, edited by Betty J. Meggers, pp. 219–229. Taraxacum, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Miller, Eurico T., et al. 1992 Archeology in the Hydroelectric Projects of Eletronorte: Preliminary Results. Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil S.A., Brasília.Google Scholar
Milner, George R. 1998 The Cahokia Chiefdom: The Archaeology of a Mississippian Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Google Scholar
Murrieta, Rui S.S., Brodízio, Eduardo, Siqueira, Andrea, and Moran, Emilio F. 1992 Estratégias de subsistência da comunidade de Praia Grande, Ilha de Marajó, Pará, Brasil. Boletin do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Antropologia 8(2):185–201.Google Scholar
Nieman, Fraser D. 1995 Stylistic Variation in Evolutionary Perspective: Inferences from Decorative Diversity and Interassemblage Distance in Illinois Woodland Ceramic Assemblages. American Antiquity 60:7–36.Google Scholar
Perota, Celso 1992 Adaptação agrícola no baixo Xingu. In Prehistoria sudamericana: nuevas perspectivas, edited by Betty J. Meggers, pp. 211–218. Taraxacum, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Perota, Celso, and Botelho, Waine C. 1994 Os sambaquis do Guará e as variações climáticas no Holoceno. Revista do Departamento de Geografia 7:49–59.Google Scholar
Piperno, Dolores, and Becker, P. 1996 Vegetational History of a Site in the Central Amazon Basin Derived from Phytolith and Charcoal Records from Natural Soils. Quaternary Research 45:202–209.Google Scholar
Pool, Christopher A., and Britt, Georgia M. 2000 A Ceramic Perspective on the Formative to Classic Transition in Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 11:139–161.Google Scholar
Porras, Pedro I. 1987 Investigaciones arqueológicas a las faldas del Sangay; Tradición Upano. Quito.Google Scholar
Reina, Ruben E, and Hill, Robert 1978 The Traditional Pottery of Guatemala. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Robinson, John G. and Bennett, Elizabeth L. (editors) 2000 Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Roe, Peter G. 1981 Aboriginal Tourists and Artistic Exchange Between the Pisquibo and the Shipibo: Trade Ware in an Ethnographic Setting. In Networks of the Past, edited by Peter D. Francis, F. J. Kense, and P. G. Duke, pp. 61–84. University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, Anna C. 1991 Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical Archaeology on Marajó Island, Brazil Academic Press, San Diego. 1995 Educating Natural Scientists About the Environment. Practicing Anthropology 17(4):25–28.Google Scholar
Rosengren, Dan 1981–82 Proximity and Interaction: the Case of the Matsigenka of the Upper Urubamba, Southeastern Peru. Göteborgs Etnografiska Museum, Arstryck: 48–63.Google Scholar
Schubart, H.O.R. 1977 Critérios ecológicos para o desenvolvemento agrícola das terras firmes da Amazônia. Acta Amazônica 7(4):559–567.Google Scholar
Serráo, Emanuel A. 1995 Possibilities for Sustainable Agriculture Development in the Brazilian Amazon: An EMBRAPA Proposal. In Brazilian Perspectives on Sustainable Development of the Amazon Region, edited by Miguel Clüsener-Godt and Ignacy Sachs, pp. 259–285. Man in the Biosphere Series Vol 15. UNESCO, Paris.Google Scholar
Setzer, José 1967 Impossibilidade do uso racional do solo no alto Xingu, Mato Grosso. Revista Brasileira de Geografia 29(1): 102–109.Google Scholar
Simões, Mário F. 1974 Contribuição à arqueologia dos arredores do baixo rio Negro, Amazoras. Publicações Avulsas 26:165–200. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belén.Google Scholar
Simões, Mário F. 1977 Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueológicas da Bacia Amazônica. Acta Amazônica 7:297–300.Google Scholar
Simões, Mário F., and Araujo-Costa, Fernanda de 1987 Pesquisas arqueológicas no baixo rio Tocantins (Pará). Revista de Arqueologia 4(1): 11–27.Google Scholar
Simões, Mário F, and Corrêa, Conceição G. 1987 Pesquisas arqueológicas no baixo Uatumã-Jatapu (Amazonas). Revista de Arqueologia 4:29–48.Google Scholar
Simões, Mário F, and Kalkmann, Anna L. 1987 Pesquisas arqueológicas no médio rio Negro (Amazonas). Revista de Arqueologia 4(1):83–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simões, Mário R, and Lopes, Daniel F 1987 Pesquisas arqueológicas no baixo/médio rio Madeira (Amazonas). Revista de Arqueologia 4(1):117–134.Google Scholar
Simões, Mário R, and Machado, Anna L. 1987 Pesquisas arqueológicas no lago de Silves (Amazonas). Revista de Arqueologia 4(1):49–82.Google Scholar
Vacher, Stéphane, Jérémie, Sylvie, and Briand, Jérôme (editors) 1998 Amérindiens du Sinnamary (Guyane): archéologie en forêt équatoriale. Documents d’Archéologie Française 70. Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris.Google Scholar
Verswijver, Gustaaf 1992 The Club-fighters of the Amazon: Warfare among the Kaiapo Indians of Central Brazil. Rijksuniversiteit, Gent.Google Scholar
Vickers, William T. 1983 The Territorial Dimensions of Siona-Secoya and Encabello Adaptation. In Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers, pp. 451–478. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wagley, Charles 1977 Welcome of Tears: The Tapirapé Indians of Central Brazil. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Walker, Ilse, Filho, Ari Marques, and Salati, Eneas 1995 Climatic and Hydrological Conditions as Key Factors for Ecodevelopment Strategies. In Brazilian Perspectives on Sustainable Development of the Amazon Region, edited by Miguel Clüsener-Godt and Ignacy Sachs, pp. 9–22. Man in the Biosphere Series No. 15. UNESCO and The Parthenon Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Werner, Dennis 1983 Why Do the Mekranoti Trek? In Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers, pp. 225–238. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Neil L. 1992 El Dorado, Cannibalism and the Amazons—European Myth and Amerindian Praxis in the Conquest of South America. In Beeld en Verbeelding van Amerika, edited by Wwilhelmus G. Pansters and Jan Weerdenburg, pp. 53–69. University of Utrecht Press, Utretht.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Neil L. 1994 The Ancient Amerindian polities of the Amazon, the Orinoco, and the Atlantic Coast: A Preliminary Analysis of their Passage from Antiquity to Extinction. In Amazonian Indians, edited by Anna C. Roosevelt, pp. 33–53. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Woods, William I. 1995 Comments on the Black Earths of Amazonia. Papers and Proceedings of Applied Geography Conferences 18:159–165.Google Scholar
Woods, William I., and McCann, Joseph M. 1997 Who Put the Black in the Terra Preta ? Paper presented at the 93rd Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, 4 April 1997, Ft. Worth TX.Google Scholar
Wüst, Irmhild 1990 Continuidade e mudança—para uma interpretação dos grupos ceramistas pré- colonials da bacia do rio Vermelho, Mato Grosso. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation. Department of Anthropology, Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Wüst, Irmhild 1994 The Eastern Bororo from an Archaeological Perspective. In Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to Present: Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Anna C. Roosevelt, pp. 315–342. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wüst, Irmhild 1998 Continuities and Discontinuities: Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology in the Heart of the Eastern Bororo Territory, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Antiquity 72:663–675.Google Scholar
Wüst, Irmhild, and Barreto, Cristiana 1999 The Ring Villages of Central Brazil: A Challenge for Amazonian Archaeology. Latin American Antiquity 10:3–23.Google Scholar
Yost, James A. 1981 Twenty Years of Contact: The Mechanisms of Change in Wao (“Auca”) Culture. In Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador, edited by Norman E. Whitten Jr. pp. 677–704. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar