Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T19:55:39.752Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An Alternative Order: The Dualistic Economies of the Ancient Maya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Vernon L. Scarborough  and
Fred Valdez Jr.
Vernon L. Scarborough
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 (vernon.scarborough@uc.edu)
Fred Valdez Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 (fredv@mail.utexas.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Harkening back to the debates associated with “dualistic economies” in addressing emerging nation states, we examine aspects of the ancient economy of the lowland Maya. Resource-specialized communities were knit together in a network of interdependencies that allowed high degrees of self-sustaining separation from the large monumental centers about which we know most. The social and biophysical environs of the ancient Maya permitted multiple economic spheres that influenced their political organization and affected their lack of developed hegemonic controls. Evidence is presented from the present-day ecological set aside of the Programme for Belize in northwestern Belize.

Prestando atención a los debates asociados con “economías dualistas” refiriéndose a los estados de naciones emergentes, examinamos aspectos de la economía antigua de los mayas de tierras bajas. Las comunidades especializadas en recursos estaban entretejidas en una red de interdependencias que permitía un alto grado de separación auto-sustentable de los grandes centros monumentales de los cuales sabemos más. El entorno social y biofisico de los antiguos mayas permitió multiples esferas económicas que influenciaron a su organización política y afectaron su falta de controles hegemónicos desarrollados. Se presenta evidencia actual del entorno ecológico al lado de Programme for Belize en el noroeste de Belice.

Type
Part 2: Themed Section on Mesoamerica
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , March 2009 , pp. 207 - 227
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, Richard E. W., Scarborough, Vernon, Levi, Laura, Walling, Stanley, Dunning, Nicholas, Lewis, Brandon, Shaw, Leslie, King, Eleanor, Sullivan, Lauren, Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2004 Programme for Belize Archaeological Project: A History of Archaeological Research. In Archaeological Investigations in the Eastern Maya Lowlands, edited by J. Awe, J. Morris, and S. Jones, pp. 175–184. Institute for Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McC. 1965 Land behind Baghdad. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McC. 1978 Strategies of Maximization, Stability, and Resilience in Mesopotamian Society, Settlement, and Agriculture. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 122(5):329–335.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McC. 1981 Heartland of Cities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McC., and Nissen, Hans J. 1972 The Uruk Countryside. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Algaze, Guillermo 1993 The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1983 Maya Salt Production and Trade. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, Yaeger, Jason, and Robin, Cynthia 2004 Commoner Sense: Late and Terminal Classic Social Strategies in the Xunantunich Area. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands, edited by A. A. Demarest. P. M. Rice, and D. S. Rice, pp. 302–323. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Aylesworth, Grant R. 2005 A Science of Networks Approach to Ancient Maya Sociopolitical Organization. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W., and Taschek, Jennifer T. 1991 Late Classic Lowland Maya Political Organization and Central-Place Analysis: New Insights form the Upper Belize Valley. Ancient Mesoamerica 2(2): 149–166.Google Scholar
Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo 2002 Linked. Penguin, New York.Google Scholar
Beach, Timothy, S. Luzzadder-Beach, N. Dunning, J. Hageman. and Lohse, J. 2002 Upland Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands: Ancient Maya Soil Conservation in Northwestern Belize. Geographical Review 92(3):372–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, Kimberly A., and McAnany, Patricia A. 2007 Reckoning with the wetlands and their Role in Ancient Maya Society. In The Political Economy of Ancient Mesoamerica: Transformations during the Formative and Classic Periods, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and John Clark, pp. 149–162. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., Kowalewski, Stephen A., Feinman, Gary M., and Finsten, Laura M. 1997 Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Boeke, J. H. 1942 The Structure of Netherlands Indian Economy. Institute of Pacific Relations, New York.Google Scholar
Boeke, J. H. 1946 The Evolution of the Netherlands Indies Economy. Institute of Pacific Relations, New York.Google Scholar
Bunzel, Ruth 1952 Chichicastenango: A Guatemalan Village. University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Cancian, Frank 1965 Economics and Prestige in a Maya Community: The Religious Cargo System in Zinacantan. Stanford University Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlene F. 2004 Polities, Politics, and Social Dynamics: “Contextualizing” the Archaeology of the Belize Valley and Caracol. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by J. F. Garber, pp. 320–334. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlene F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1996 More than Kin and King: Centralized Political Organization among the Ancient Maya. Current Anthropology 37(5):803–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheetham, David 2004 The Role of “Terminus Groups” in Lowland Maya Site Planning: An Example from Cahal Pech. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by James F. Garber, pp. 125–148. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1950 The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21:3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chmilar, Jennifer 2005 Ancient Maya Water Management: Archaeological Investigations at Turtle Pond, Northwestern Belize. Master’S thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Collier, George A. 1975 Fields of the Tzotzil: The Ecological Bases of Tradition in Highland Chiapas. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Connell, Samuel V. 2003 Making Sense of Variability among Minor Centers. In Perspective on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity, edited by Gyles Iannone and Samuel V. Connell, pp. 27–41. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 49. University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick, and Rice, Don S. (editors) 1990 Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Deevey, E. S., Rice, D. S., Rice, P. M., Vaughan, H. H., Brenner, M., and Flannery, M. S. 1979 Maya Urbanism: Impact on a Tropical Karst Environment. Science 2006:298–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denevan, William M. 1992 Stone vs Metal Axes: The Ambiguity of Shifting Cultivation in Prehistoric Amazonia. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society 20:153–165.Google Scholar
Denevan, William M. 2001 Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doolittle, William E. 2000 Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, W. David, and Garber, James F. 2004 The Emergence of Minor Centers in the Zones between Seats of Power. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by James F. Garber, pp. 287–304. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Dunning, N., Luzzadder Beach, S., Jones, J., Scarborough, V. L., and Culbert, T. P. 2002 Arising from the Bajos: Anthropogenic Change in Wetlands and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92:267–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Jones, John G., Beach, Timothy, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 2003 Physiography, Habitats, and Landscapes of the Three Rivers Region. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 14–24. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Erickson, Clark 2003 Historical Ecology and Future Explorations. In Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties, and Management, edited by J. Lehmann, D. C. Kern, B. Glaser, and W. I. Woods, pp. 455–500. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Fernand, Danica 2002 Origins and Formation Histories of Prehistoric Terraces of the Medicinal Trail Site, Northwestern Belize. Master’S thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio.Google Scholar
Fernea, Robert A. 1970 Shaykh and Effendi: Changing Patterns of Authority among the El Shahana of Southern Iraq. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ford, Anabel 1986 Population Growth and Social Complexity: An Examination of Settlement and Environment in the Central Maya Lowlands. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 35. Arizona State University Press, Tempe.Google Scholar
Fox, J., Cook, G., Chase, A. F., and Chase, D. Z. 1996 Questions of Political and Economic Integration: Segmentary versus Centralized States among the Ancient Maya. Current Anthropology 37(5):795–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Richard G. 1977 Urban Anthropology: Cities in Their Cultural Setting. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Frank, Andre Gunder 1970 On Dalton’S “Theoretical Issues in Economic Anthropology.” Current Anthropology 11(1):67–71.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., Scheie, Linda, and Parker, Joy 1993 Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman’S Path. William Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Furnivall, J. S. 1939 Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Furnivall, J. S. 1948 Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Garber, James F. (editor) 2004 The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Haifa Century of Archaeological Research. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D., and Joyce, Rosemary A. (editors) 2000 Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Gilman, Antonio 1981 The Development of Social Stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current Anthropology 22(1):1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groube, L. 1989 The Taming of the Rain Forest: A Model for Late Pleistocene Forest Exploitation in New Guinea. In Foraging and Farming, edited by D. R. Harris and G. C. Hilman, pp. 292–304. Unwin Hyman, London.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H. 2007 The Nature of an Ancient Maya City: Resources, Interaction and Power at Blue Creek, Belize. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., Baker, Jeffrey, and Lichtenstein, Robert J. 2003 Environmental and Cultural Diversity at Blue Creek. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 77–91. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hageman, Jon B. 2006 Maps and Macrobotanicals: Report on the 2005 Field Season. In Programme for Belize Archaeological Project Report of Activities for the 2005 Field Season, pp. 99–107. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory Occasional Paper No. 6. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Hageman, Jon B., and Lohse, Jon C. 2003 Heterarchy, Corporate Groups, and Late Classic Resource Management in Northwestern Belize. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 109–121. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Halperin, Rhoda H. 1994 Cultural Economies: Past and Present. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Halperin, Rhoda H. 2007 Cultural Economies. In The Political Economy of Ancient Mesoamerica: Transformations during the Formative and Classic Periods, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and John Clark, pp. 175–184. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hammond, N., Tourtellot, G., Donaghey, S., and Clarke, A. 1998 No Slow Dusk: Maya Urban Development and Decline at La Milpa, Belize. Antiquity 72:831–837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Tourtellot, Gair, Everson, Gloria, Sagebiel, Kerry L., Thomas, B., and Wolf, M. 2000 Survey and Excavation at La Milpa, Belize, 1998. Mexicon 22:38–45.Google Scholar
Hansen, R., Bozarth, S., Jacob, J., Wahl, D., and Schreiner, T. 2002 Climatic and Environmental Variability in the Rise of Maya Civilization. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:273–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Hill, and Kaplan, Hillard 1989 Population and Dry-Season Subsistence Strategies of the Recently Contacted Yora of Peru. National Geographic Research 5:317–334.Google Scholar
Hole, Frank 1981 The Prehistory of Herding: Some Suggestions form Ethnography. In L’archeologie de l’Iraq du debut de l’Epoque Neolithique a 333 avant Notre Ere, Perspectives et Umites de l’interpretation anthropologique des documents, edited by M.-T. Barrelet, pp. 119–130. Colloques Internationaux du Centre Nationale du Recherche Scientifique No. 580. CNRS, Paris.Google Scholar
Houk, Brett A. 2003 The Ties that Bind: Site Planning in the Three Rivers Region. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp 52–63. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Houk, Brett A. (editor) 1998 The 1997 Season of the Chan Chich Archaeological Project. Papers of the Chan Chich Archaeological Project No. 3. Center for Maya Studies, San Antonio, Texas.Google Scholar
Houk, Brett A. 2000 The 1998 and 1999 Seasons of the Chan Chich Archaeological Project. Papers of the Chan Chich Archaeological Project No.4. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Hyde, David M. 2005 Excavations at the Medicinal Trail Site, Operation 7: Report of the 2004 Season. In Programme for Belize Archaeological Project: Report of Activities for the 2004 Field Season, edited by F. Valdez, pp. 7–14. Occasional Papers No. 4. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Hyde, David M., Fischbeck, Shelley, and Trachman, Rissa 2006 Report of Excavations at the Medicinal Trail Site for the 2005 Season. In Programme for Belize Archaeological Project Report of Activities for the 2005 Field Season, edited by F. Valdez, pp. 7–16. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory Occasional Paper No. 6. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
lannone, Gyles 2004 Problems in the Definition and Interpretation of “Minor Centers” in Maya Archaeology with Reference to the Upper Belize Valley. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by James F. Garber, pp. 273–286. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
lannone, Gyles, and Connell, Samuel V. (editors) 2003 Perspective on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Monograph 49. University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Isaac, Barry I. 1993 Asiatic Mode of Production, Hydraulic Hypothesis, and Oriental Despotism: Some Comments. In Economic Aspects of Water Management in the Prehispanic New World, edited Vernon L. Scarborough and Barry I. Isaac, pp. 429–471. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 7. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Isaac, Barry I. 2005 Karl Polanyi. In A Handbook of Economic Anthropology, edited by J. G. Carrier, pp. 14–25. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U.K. Google Scholar
Jacob, J. S. 1995 Archaeological Pedology in the Maya Lowlands. In Pedological Perspectives in Archaeological Research, pp. 51–79. Soil Science Society of America, Special Publication 44. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Kunen, Julie L. 2004 Ancient Maya Life in the Far West Bajo: Social and Environmental Change in the Wetlands of Belize. Anthropological Papers No. 69. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Kunen, Julie L., and Hughbanks, Paul J. 2003 Bajo Communities in Resource Specialists: A Heterarchical Approach. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 92–108. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1982 The Way of the Mask. University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1987 Anthropology and Myths: Lectures 1951–1982. Black-well, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lewis, Brandon S. 2003 Environmental Heterogeneity and Occupational Specialization: An Examination of Lithic Tool Production in the Three Rivers Region of the Northeastern Peten. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 122–135. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C. 2001 The Social Organization of aLate Classic Maya Community: Dos Hombres, Northern Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C., Beach, Timothy, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, and Little, Nicole 2005 Political Ecology in Upper Northwestern Belize. In Archaeological Investigations in Eastern Maya Lowlands, edited by J. Awe, J. Morris, S. Jones, and C. Helmke, pp. 387–404. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology Vol. 2. Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C., and Valdez, Fred Jr. (editors) 2004 Ancient Maya Commoners. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2006 Water and Ritual: The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1993 Ancient Maya Political Organization. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D., edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson, pp. 111–184. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1995 Where is Lowland Maya Archaeology Headed? Journal of Archaeological Research 3(1):3–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1998 The Peaks and Valleys of Ancient States: An Extension of the Dynamic Model. In Archaic States, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, pp. 59–94. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Matheny, R. T. 1987 El Mirador: An Early Maya Metropolis Uncovered. National Geographic 172:316–339.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1990 Water Storage in the Puuc Region of the Northern Maya Lowlands: A Key to Population Estimates and Architectural Variability. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by T. Patrick Culbert and Don S. Rice, pp. 263–284. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
McBryde, Felix W. 1945 Cultural and Historical Geography of Southwest Guatemala. Institute of Social Anthropology Publication 4. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
McKillop, Heather 2002 Salt: The White Gold of the Ancient Maya. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1954 Environmental Limitations on the Development of Culture. American Anthropologist 56:801–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murra, John V. 1980 The Economic Organization of the Inka State. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 1. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Neely, James A., and Wright, Henry T. 1994 Early Settlement and Irrigation on the Deh Luran Plain: Village and Early State Societies in Southwestern Iran. Museum of Anthropology, Technical Report 26. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R., and Pearsall, Deborah M. 1998 The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1977 The Art and Archaeology of Hydraulic Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. In Social Process in Maya Prehistory, edited by Norman Hammond, pp. 447–167. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1983 Tikal Report No. 13: The Settlement Survey of Tikal. Museum Monographs. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Neal, Claudia P. 1999 Archaeological Investigations of the Barba Group Terraces. Master’S thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. Leo 1977 Ancient Mesopotamia. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postgate, Nicholas 1992 Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Reina, Ruben E., and Hill, R. M. II 1978 The Traditional Pottery of Guatemala. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Ricketson, O. G., and Ricketson, E. B. 1937 Uaxactun, Guatemala, Group E–1926–1931. Carnegie Institution 477. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., Parsons, Jeffrey R., and Santley, Robert S. 1979 The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Webster, David 1978 Unilinealism, Multilinealism, and the Evolution of Complex Societies. In Social Archaeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating, edited by Charles L. Redman, et al., pp. 249–302. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Webster, David 1988 The Mesoamerican Urban Tradition. American Anthropologist 90:521–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandford, Stephen 1983 Management of Pastoral Development in the Third World. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K. Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1991 Courting the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Study in Pre-Hispanic Ballgame Architecture. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and D. R. Wilcox, pp. 129–144. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1998 Ecology and Ritual: Water Management and the Maya. Latin American Antiquity 9(2):135–159.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 2000 Resilience, Resource Use, and Socioeconomic Organization: A Mesoamerican Pathway. In Natural Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response, edited by Garth Bawden and Richard Reycraft, pp. 195–212. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology and the University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 2003 The Flow of Power: Ancient Water Systems and Landscapes. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 2005a Introduction. In A Catalyst for Ideas, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, pp. 3–18. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 2005b The Power of Landscapes. In A Catalyst for Ideas, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, pp. 209–228. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 2007 Colonizing a Landscape: Water and Wetlands in Ancient Mesoamerica. In The Political Economy of Ancient Mesoamerica: Transformations during the Formative and Classic Periods, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and John Clark, pp. 163–174. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 2008 Rate and Process of Societal Change in Semi-Tropical Settings: The Ancient Maya and the Living Balinese. Quaternary International 184:24–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., and Burnside, William R. 2008 Complexity and Sustainability: Perspectives from the Ancient Maya and the Modern Balinese. American Antiquity (under review). Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., Schoenfelder, John W., and Lansing, J. Stephen 1999 Early Statecraft on Bali: The Water Temple Complex and the Decentralization of the Political Economy. Research in Economic Anthropology 20:299–330.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2003 The Engineered Environment and Political Economy of the Three Rivers Region. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 3–13. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., Valdez, Fred Jr., and Dunning, Nicholas 2003 Introduction. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. xiii–xx. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., Valdez, Fred Jr., and Dunning, Nicholas (editors) 2003 Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya: The Three Rivers Region of the East-Central Yucatan Peninsula. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., and Wilcox, David (editors) 1991 The Mesoamerican Ballgame. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheie, Linda, and Freidel, David A. 1990 A Forest of Kings: Untold Stories of the Ancient Maya. William Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., with Traxler, Loa P. (editors) 2006 The Ancient Maya. 6th ed. Stanford University Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Shaw, Justine M. 2001 Maya Sacbeob: Form and Function. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:261–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Justine M. 2008 White Roads of the Yucatan. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Sinopoli, Carla M. 2005 Polity and Economy in Fourteenth- through Seventeenth-Century South India: Lessons from Archaeology and History. In A Catalyst for Ideas, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, pp. 229–256. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Smyth, Michael P. 1990 Maize Storage among the Puuc Maya: The Development of an Archaeological Method. Ancient Mesoamerica 1:51–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southall, A. 1988 The Segmentary State in Africa and Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and History 30:52–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Šprajc, Ivan 2005 Review of Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya: The Three Rivers Region of the East-Central Yucatán Peninsula, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning. Anthropological Notebooks 11(1):112–116.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 2006 Prehispanic Agricultural Strategies of Intensification in the Titicaca Basin of Peru and Bolivia. In Agricultural Strategies, edited by Joyce Marcus and Charles Stanish, pp. 364–400. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Gil 1999 Rethinking World Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Stein, Gil 2005 “Invisible” Social Sectors in Early Mesopotamia State Societies. In A Catalyst for Ideas, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, pp. 121–148. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Lauren A., and Sagebiel, Kerry L. 2003 Changing Political Alliances in the Three Rivers Region. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 25–36. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Sunahara, Kay S., and Meadows, Richard K. 2005 Modeling Ancient Maya Non-Urban Complexity in Northwest Belize: A Working Paper. In Programme for Belize Archaeological Project: Report of Activities for the 2004 Field Season, edited by Fred Valdez, pp. 63–96. Occasional Papers No. 4. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Taschek, Jennifer T., and Ball, Joseph W. 1999 Las Ruinas de Arenal, Belize—Preliminary Report on a Subregional Major Center in the Western Belize Valley (1991–1992 Excavations). Ancient Mesoamerica 10(2):215–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taschek, Jennifer T., and Ball, Joseph W. 2004 Buenavista del Cayo, Cahal Pech, and Xunantunich: Three Centers, Three Histories, One Central Place. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by J. F. Garber, pp. 191–206. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul 1983 Review of Advances in the Valley of Oaxaca, Part 3 . Quarterly Review of Archaeology 4(1):3, 10–13.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, Belli, Francisco Estrada, Rose, John J., and Hammond, Norman 2003 Late Classic Maya Heterarchy, Hierarchy, and Landscape at La Milpa, Belize. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 37–51. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, Clarke, A., and Hammond, Norman 1993 Mapping La Milpa: A Maya City in Northwestern Belize. Antiquity 67:96–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tovar, Lynne C. J. 1996 Maya Lithic Production and Consumption in the Late Classic. Master’S thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Trachman, Rissa M. 2007 Excavated Households Excavated Lives: Social Reproduction, Identity, and Everyday Life for the Ancient Maya in Northwestern Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Trombold, Charles D. (editor) 1991 Ancient Road Networks and Settlement Hierarchies in the New World. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 1989 A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 2003 Understanding Early Civilizations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Up de Graff, F. W. 1923 Head Hunters of the Amazon. Garden City Publishing, Garden City, New York.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred, Jr. (editor) 2005 Programme for Belize A rchaeological Project: Report of Activities for the 2004 Field Season. Occasional Papers No. 4. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred, Jr. (editor) 2006 Programme for Belize A rchaeological Project: Report of Activities for the 2005 Field Season. Occasional Papers No. 6. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Valdez, Fred, Jr., and Mock, Shirley B. 1991 Additional Considerations for Prehispanic Saltmaking in Belize. American Antiquity 6(3):520–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 1996 Rethinking the Vertical Archipelago: Ethnicity, Exchange, and History in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 98:338–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, Evon 1968 Some Spects of Zinacantan Settlement Patterns and Ceremonial Organization. In Settlement Archaeology, edited by K. C. Chang, pp. 154–173. National Books, Palo Alto, California. 1969 Zinacantan: A Maya Community in the Highlands of Chiapas. Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Walling, Stanley L., Davis, Peter F., Dias, Sandra, and De Vito, Melissa 2005 Report of the 2004 Rio Bravo Archaeological Project, Site R.B. 47: Chawak But’o’ob, Belize. In Programme for Belize Archaeological Project Report of Activities for the 2004 Field Season, edited by F. Valdez, pp. 115–144. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory Occasional Paper No. 4. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Walling, Stanley L., Davis, Peter F., Hanna, Jonathan, Matthews, Leah, Prasarn, Nahum, and Taylor, Christine 2006 Residential Terracing, Water Management, Matrix Analysis, and Suburban Ceremonialism at Chawak But’o’ob, Belize. In Programme for Belize Archaeological Project Report of Activities for the 2005 Field Season. Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory Occasional Paper No. 6. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1953 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Viru Valley, Peru. Bureau of American Anthropology Bulletin 155. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 2004 Retrospective. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by J. F. Garber, pp. 15–24. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., Bullard, William R., Glass, John B., and Gifford, James C. 1965 Prehistoric Maya Settlement in the Belize Valley. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 54. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., and Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1993 A History of American Archaeology. 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman, New York.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1955 Types of Latin American Peasantry: A Preliminary Discussion. American Anthropologist 57:452–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1982 Europe and the People without History. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1986 The Vicissitudes of the Closed Corporate Peasant Community. American Ethnologist 13:325–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Henry T., and Johnson, Gregory A. 1975 Population, Exchange, and Early State Formation in . Southwestern Iran. American Anthropologist 77:267–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoffee, Norman 2005 Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaro, Gregory, and Lohse, Jon C. 2005 Agricultural Rhythms and Rituals: Ancient Maya Solar Observation in Hinterland Blue Creek, Northwestern Belize. Latin American Antiquity 16(1):81–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar