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Home is Together: Sounds of Belonging in the Correspondence of Two Japanese American Families Separated by Wartime Incarceration
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 October 2023
Abstract
During World War II, Japanese nationals and U.S. residents Shigezo Iwata and Masaru Ben Akahori were arrested and interned while their wives and children were incarcerated separately. Though wartime correspondence sent from Mr. Akahori to his wife and daughter and from Mrs. Iwata to her husband clearly identifies the United States as “home,” the primary emphasis on home is as a marker of familial reunification. This article posits that the memories and sounds imaginatively recollected and conveyed within the correspondence sent from Sonoko Iwata to her husband, Shigezo, and from Masaru Ben Akahori to his wife, Kiku, and their daughter, served to signify and nurture an ongoing sense of belonging to and togetherness with their respective family members with whom they hoped to once again be home, together.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Music
References
References
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Kango Takamura, “Santa Fe Internment Camp,” June 1942. Kango Takamura Paintings (Collection Number 433). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.Google Scholar
Anderson, Ben. “Recorded Music and Practices of Remembering.” Social and Cultural Geography 5, no. 1 (2004): 3–20.10.1080/1464936042000181281CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asai, Susan Miyo. “Transformations of Tradition: Three Generations of Japanese American Music Making.” The Musical Quarterly 79, no. 3 (Autumn 1995): 429–53.10.1093/mq/79.3.429CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asai, Susan Miyo. “Nisei Politics of Identity and American Popular Music in the 1930s and 1940s.” Ethnic Studies Review 32, no. 2 (2009): 92–119.10.1525/esr.2009.32.2.92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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DeNora, Tia. Music in Everyday Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.10.1017/CBO9780511489433CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esaki, John (producer and director). Words, Weavings, and Songs. Frank H. Watase Media Arts Center, Japanese American National Museum. 2002.Google Scholar
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Hayashi, Brian Masaru. Democratizing the Enemy: The Japanese American Internment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
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Higashide, Seiichi. Adios To Tears: The Memoirs of a Japanese-Peruvian Internee in U.S. Concentration Camps, translated by Elsa H. Kudo et al. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Hirabayashi, Lane Ryo. The Politics of Fieldwork: Research in an American Concentration Camp. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Marianne and Spitzer, Leo. “Testimonial Objects: Memory, Gender, and Transmission.” Poetics Today 27, no. 2 (2006): 353–83.10.1215/03335372-2005-008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, John. Concentration Camps on the Home Front: Japanese Americans in the House of Jim Crow. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishizuka, Karen L. “Coming to Terms: America's Concentration Camps.” In Common Ground: The Japanese American National Museum and the Culture of Collaborations, edited by Akemi Kikumura-Yano, Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, and James A. Hirabayashi, 101–22. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2004.Google Scholar
Kapchan, Deborah (editor). Theorizing Sound Writing. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Kashima, Tetsuden. Judgment without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment during World War II. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Kim, Heidi, ed. Taken from the Paradise Isle: The Hoshida Family Story. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015.Google Scholar
Kim, Sojin. “George Yoshida,” in Densho Encyclopedia. Last updated October 5, 2020. https://encyclopedia.densho.org/George%20YoshidaGoogle Scholar
Kuo, Jay, Thione, Lorenzo, and Acito, Marc. Allegiance. Lyrics and Music by Jay Kuo. Perf. George Takei et al., 2015.Google Scholar
Litoff, Judy Barrett and Smith, David C., eds. Since You Went Away: World War II Letters from American Women on the Home Front. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Love Catalina Island Tourism Authority. “Catalina Chimes Tower.” Copyright 2023. https://www.lovecatalina.com/things-to-do/historic-landmarks/catalina-chimes-tower/Google Scholar
Luk, Sharon. The Life of Paper: Letters and a Poetics of Living Beyond Captivity. Oakland: University of California Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Mak, Stephen Seng-hua. “‘America's Other Internment:’ World War II and the Making of Modern Human Rights.” PhD diss., Northwestern University, 2009.Google Scholar
Massumi, Brian. Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Muller, Eric. American Inquisition: The Hunt for Japanese American Disloyalty in World War II. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Muramoto-Wong, Shirley Kazuyo (creative director). Hidden Legacy: Japanese Traditional Performing Arts in the World War II Internment Camps. Murasaki Productions, LLC. 2014.Google Scholar
Muramoto-Wong, Shirley Kazuyo. “Performing Defiance: The Hidden Legacy of Koto Music at a Japanese Internment Camp.” https://actastories.atavist.com/performing-defianceGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, Kelli. “Seabrook Farms.” In Densho Encyclopedia. Last updated June 10, 2020. https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Seabrook%20Farms/Google Scholar
Neuman, Daniel M. “Epilogue: Paradigms and Stories.” In Ethnomusicology and Modern Music History, edited by Blum, Stephen, Bohlman, Philip V. and Neuman, Daniel M., 268–77. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Newhouse, Sarah. “Finding Aid, Iwata Papers, Shigezo and Sonoko.” Collection MSS053. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Niiya, Brian. “Japanese American Research Project.” In Densho Encyclopedia. Last updated October 5, 2020. https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Japanese_American_Research_Project/Google Scholar
Noguchi, Paul H., Noguchi, Rei R., Seabrook, John M., and Poldma, Milli, eds. Seabrook Village New Jersey, Oral Histories of a Community. Seabrook, NJ: Seabrook Educational and Cultural Center, 1997.Google Scholar
Okihiro, Gary. “Religion and Resistance in America's Concentration Camps.” Phylon 45, no. 3 (1984): 220–33.10.2307/274406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onishi, Ryoko, Sakai, Susanne Mari, Fraser, Megan Hahn, and Cubé, Caroline. Processors for University of California, Los Angeles. “Finding Aid, Akahori Family Papers.” Japanese American Research Project Collection (Collection 2010). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. Last updated February 21, 2020. http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucla/mss/akah2010.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pieslak, Jonathan R. “Sound Targets: Music and the War in Iraq.” Journal of Musicological Research 26 (2007): 123–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, Karen L. Schools behind Barbed Wire: the Untold Story of Wartime Internment and the Children of Arrested Enemy Aliens. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.Google Scholar
Robertson, Marta. “Ballad for Incarcerated Americans: Second Generation Japanese American Musicking in World War II Camps.” Journal of the Society for American Music 11, no. 3 (August 2017): 284–312.10.1017/S1752196317000220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Greg. By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Roxworthy, Emily. The Spectacle of Japanese American Trauma: Racial Performativity and World War II. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2008.10.21313/hawaii/9780824832209.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roxworthy, Emily. “Blackface behind Barbed Wire: Gender and Racial Triangulation in the Japanese American Internment Camps.” TDR: The Drama Review 57, no. 2 (2013): 123–42.10.1162/DRAM_a_00264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakata, Yasuo. On a Collision Course: The Dawn of Japanese Migration in the Nineteenth Century. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Shah, Nayan. Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Shelemay, Kay Kaufman. Let Jasmine Rain Down: Song and Remembrance Among Syrian Jews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Shelemay, Kay Kaufman. “Music, Memory and History.” Ethnomusicology Forum 15, no 1, Special Issue: “The Past in Music” (2006): 17–38.10.1080/17411910600634221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigerman, Harriet, ed. “‘Please Come Back To Me Soon:’ Letters from the Home Front.” In The Columbia Documentary History of American Women since 1941, 65–75. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Soga, Yasutaro (Keiho). Life behind Barbed Wire: The World War II Internment Memoirs of a Hawai‘i Issei, translated by Kihei Hirai. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2008.Google Scholar
U.S. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians [CWRIC]. Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians: Part 2—Recommendations. Report for the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1983. https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/justice-denied/Google Scholar
Waseda, Minako. “Music in Camp,” in Densho Encyclopedia. Last updated July 22, 2020. https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Music_in_camp/Google Scholar
Waseda, Minako. “Japanese American Musical Culture in Southern California: Its Formation and Transformation in the 20th Century.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2000.Google Scholar
Waseda, Minako. “Extraordinary Circumstances, Exceptional Practices: Music in Japanese American Concentration Camps.” Journal of Asian American Studies 8, no. 2 (June 2005): 171–209.10.1353/jaas.2005.0044CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weglyn, Michi. Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps. New York: WM Morrow & Co., 1976.Google Scholar
Wertheimer, Andrew B. “Japanese American Community Libraries in America's Concentration Camps, 1942–1946.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2004.Google Scholar
Williams, Gavin. “Introduction: Sound Unmade.” In Hearing the Crimean War, edited by Williams, Gavin, xv–li. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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