¹ Williams, Diana, “Can Quadroon Balls Represent Acquiescence or Resistance?,” in Gendered Resistance: Women, Slavery, and the Legacy of Margaret Garner, eds., Frederickson, Mary E. and Walters, Delores M. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2013), 126Google Scholar.

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³ In addition to his work as a writer and broadcaster, Stearns founded the Institute for Jazz Studies, was a consultant to the U.S. Department of State's jazz diplomacy tours in the 1950s and 1960s, and co-authored Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1968) with his wife Jean, who completed the book after his death.

⁴ Hill, Constance Valis, Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

⁵ Ramsey, Guthrie P. Jr., Race Music: Black Cultures from Bebop to Hip-Hop (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 4Google Scholar.