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Sex Effects on Mirror Overflow during Finger Tapping in Children with ADHD

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2021

C. Chen Open the ORCID record for C. Chen [Opens in a new window] ,
K.S. Rosch Open the ORCID record for K.S. Rosch [Opens in a new window] ,
K.E. Seymour ,
D. Crocetti ,
E. M. Mahone Open the ORCID record for E. M. Mahone [Opens in a new window]  and
S.H. Mostofsky
C. Chen*
Affiliation:
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
K.S. Rosch
Affiliation:
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
K.E. Seymour
Affiliation:
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
D. Crocetti
Affiliation:
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
E. M. Mahone
Affiliation:
Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
S.H. Mostofsky
Affiliation:
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: C. Chen, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N Broadway, 3rd Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Email: christine.chen@vanderbilt.edu
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Abstract

Objectives:

The presence of excessive mirror overflow in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is discussed in numerous published reports. These reports, however, include a limited age range in their samples. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of diagnosis and sex on mirror overflow and standard deviation (SD) of tap time in children with and without ADHD across a larger age range (5–12 years) of children.

Methods:

One-hundred and forty-eight children with ADHD and 112 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children completed a finger sequencing task. Mirror overflow, SD of tap time, and mean tap time were measured using finger twitch transducers.

Results:

Results reveal a significant diagnostic effect on mirror overflow such that boys and girls with ADHD demonstrate increased overflow compared to same-sex TD children. Boys with ADHD demonstrated more variable tap times compared to TD boys; no diagnostic effect was observed in the girls.

Conclusions:

Boys with ADHD exhibit anomalous motor variability; girls with ADHD show similar levels of variability as TD girls. Boys and girls with ADHD exhibit similar levels of excessive mirror overflow. This lack of sex differences on mirror overflow is distinct from reports finding sex effects on overflow and could result from an examination of a broader age range than is included in prior reports. Adolescent data would provide a greater understanding of the trajectory of anomalous mirror overflow across development. Examination of functional and structural connectivity would expand the current understanding of the neurobiological foundation of motor overflow.

Keywords

Motor skillsDevelopmental disabilitiesChild developmental disorderPsychomotor performanceSchool-age populationPreschool children
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 28 , Issue 4 , April 2022 , pp. 371 - 381
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

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Footnotes

Note: Dr. Seymour is now employed at the National Institutes of Health Center for Scientific Review. Dr. Mahone is now in Independent Practice in Baltimore, MD. Christine Chen is now affiliated with the Department of Psychology and Human Development at Vanderbilt University.

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