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Attention/Working Memory, Learning and Memory in Adult Cameroonians: Normative Data, Effects of HIV Infection and Viral Genotype

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2020

Georgette D. Kanmogne Open the ORCID record for Georgette D. Kanmogne [Opens in a new window] ,
Julius Y. Fonsah ,
Anya Umlauf ,
Jacob Moul ,
Roland F. Doh ,
Anne M. Kengne ,
Bin Tang ,
Claude T. Tagny ,
Emilienne Nchindap  and
Léopoldine Kenmogne
...Show all authors
Georgette D. Kanmogne*
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198, USA
Julius Y. Fonsah
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
Anya Umlauf
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
Jacob Moul
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
Roland F. Doh
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
Anne M. Kengne
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
Bin Tang
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
Claude T. Tagny
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Emilienne Nchindap
Affiliation:
Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Léopoldine Kenmogne
Affiliation:
Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Donald Franklin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
Dora M. Njamnshi
Affiliation:
HIV-Day Care Service, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Dora Mbanya
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Alfred K. Njamnshi
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
Robert K. Heaton
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Georgette Kanmogne, PhD, MPH, Professor, Vice-Chair for Resource Allocation and Faculty Development, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5800, USA. E-mail: gkanmogne@unmc.edu
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Abstract

Objective:

There is lack of Cameroonian adult neuropsychological (NP) norms, limited knowledge concerning HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa, and evidence of differential inflammation and disease progression based on viral subtypes. In this study, we developed demographically corrected norms and assessed HIV and viral genotypes effects on attention/working memory (WM), learning, and memory.

Method:

We administered two tests of attention/WM [Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)-50, Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)-III Spatial Span] and two tests of learning and memory [Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)] to 347 HIV+ and 395 seronegative adult Cameroonians. We assessed the effects of viral factors on neurocognitive performance.

Results:

Compared to controls, people living with HIV (PLWH) had significantly lower T-scores on PASAT-50 and attention/WM summary scores, on HVLT-R total learning and learning summary scores, on HVLT-R delayed recall, BVMT-R delayed recall and memory summary scores. More PLWH had impairment in attention/WM, learning, and memory. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and current immune status had no effect on T-scores. Compared to untreated cases with detectable viremia, untreated cases with undetectable viremia had significantly lower (worse) T-scores on BVMT-R total learning, BVMT-R delayed recall, and memory composite scores. Compared to PLWH infected with other subtypes (41.83%), those infected with HIV-1 CRF02_AG (58.17%) had higher (better) attention/WM T-scores.

Conclusions:

PLWH in Cameroon have impaired attention/WM, learning, and memory and those infected with CRF02_AG viruses showed reduced deficits in attention/WM. The first adult normative standards for assessing attention/WM, learning, and memory described, with equations for computing demographically adjusted T-scores, will facilitate future studies of diseases affecting cognitive function in Cameroonians.

Keywords

Neuropsychological testsNormsSub-Saharan AfricaHIV/AIDSSubtypesNeurocognitive impairment
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 26 , Issue 6 , July 2020 , pp. 607 - 623
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020

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