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What Do Language Disorders Reveal about Brain–Language Relationships? From Classic Models to Network Approaches

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2017

Nina F. Dronkers ,
Maria V. Ivanova  and
Juliana V. Baldo
Nina F. Dronkers*
Affiliation:
VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, California University of California, Davis, California National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Maria V. Ivanova
Affiliation:
VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, California National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Juliana V. Baldo
Affiliation:
VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, California
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Nina F. Dronkers, Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road (126R), Martinez, CA 94553. E-mail: dronkers@ucdavis.edu
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Abstract

Studies of language disorders have shaped our understanding of brain–language relationships over the last two centuries. This article provides a review of this research and how our thinking has changed over the years regarding how the brain processes language. In the 19th century, a series of famous case studies linked distinct speech and language functions to specific portions of the left hemisphere of the brain, regions that later came to be known as Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. One hundred years later, the emergence of new brain imaging tools allowed for the visualization of brain injuries in vivo that ushered in a new era of brain-behavior research and greatly expanded our understanding of the neural processes of language. Toward the end of the 20th century, sophisticated neuroimaging approaches allowed for the visualization of both structural and functional brain activity associated with language processing in both healthy individuals and in those with language disturbance. More recently, language is thought to be mediated by a much broader expanse of neural networks that covers a large number of cortical and subcortical regions and their interconnecting fiber pathways. Injury to both grey and white matter has been seen to affect the complexities of language in unique ways that have altered how we think about brain–language relationships. The findings that support this paradigm shift are described here along with the methodologies that helped to discover them, with some final thoughts on future directions, techniques, and treatment interventions for those with communication impairments. (JINS, 2017, 23, 741–754)

Keywords

Aphasiaacquired; Acquired language disordersNeuroimagingNeuropsychologyNeuroscienceCognitive neuroscience
Type
Section 1 – Brain Systems and Assessment
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 23 , Special Issue 9-10: Special Issue: Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the International Neuropsychological Society , October 2017 , pp. 741 - 754
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2017 

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