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Political Rituals in Developing Nations: The case of the Philippines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2011

Extract

Systematic manipulation of symbols is present to varying degrees in all political processes. Such rituals may or may not suggest further substantive action, and when they do, such action may or may not be forthcoming. The term ritualism (or ritualistic behaviour) will here refer to activity which can be subsumed under the general concept of formalism. While some political scientsists describe formalism as a concern to establish an institution rather than to ensure its functioning, our use of the term is less specific: both structure and function may be symbols and parts of a ritual which, if suggesting further activity which is not forthcoming, constitutes ritualism.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1971

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References

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36 The probable re-election of President Magsaysay, had he lived, can be explained by the dramatic presentation of a reformist image and his actual accomplishments in dealing with the Huks. In 1969, the appallingly bad image and disorganized campaign of the opposition candidate partly accounted for Marcos' re-election. Furthermore, unrest and demonstrations sparked by his inauguration in January 1970 indicated that the election mandate was tenuous.

37 The Philippines Free Press, February 7, 1970.

38 The Agbayni Report, op. cit.

39 New political parties are also hampered by the traditional strength of the two-party system, the pecuniary costs of participation in elections, the high stakes of political contests (patronage, money) which favour a jump on the bandwagon, and flexible membership recruitment by the two major parties. The importance of ideology has been emphasized, however, by ex-Senator Raul S. Manglapus who decries the “ideological vacuum” in political life. Cf. A Christian Social Movement, address delivered before the Rotary Club of Manila, October 19, 1967.

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47 A prominent Nacionalista Senator, Jose W. Dilkno, is one of Tayag's defence counsellors. Diokno is co-sponsor of a bill to repeal the Anti-Subversion Act and views the Tayang trial as a test case.

48 The Philippines Free Press, February 7, 1970.

49 Ibid., June 6, 1970.

50 Far Eastern Economic Review, March 12, 1970.