Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2xdlg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-21T16:10:47.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Upper Precambrian through Lower Cambrian of Cape Breton Island: faunas, paleoenvironments, and stratigraphic revision

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

Ed Landing
Ed Landing*
Affiliation:
New York State Geological Survey, The State Education Department, Albany 12230
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Latest Precambrian through Early Cambrian tectonic history and stratigraphy are comparable in southeastern Cape Breton Island and the western Placentia–Bonavista axis, southeastern Newfoundland. The lithostratigraphic nomenclature of southeastern Newfoundland is used for this interval in Cape Breton Island. Upper Precambrian volcanic rocks of the Forchu Group (=“Giant Lake Complex,’ designation abandoned) are unconformably overlain by uppermost Precambrian through lowest Cambrian strata termed the “Morrison River Formation’ (designation abandoned). This depositional sequence consists of three formations: 1) red beds through tidalites of the Rencontre Formation (to 279+ m; =“Kelvin Lake Formation,’ designation abandoned); 2) prodeltaic clastics of the Chapel Island Formation (to 260 m); and 3) macrotidal quartzites of the Random Formation (to 71 + m). Post-Random block faulting and 300 m of local erosion took place prior to onlap of the “MacCodrum Formation’ (abandoned). Siliciclastic mudstones of the lower “MacCodrum’ are re-assigned to the middle Lower Cambrian Bonavista Group. Sub-trilobitic faunas from the Bonavista Group include “Ladatheca’ cylindrica from the West Centre Cove Formation(?) and higher diversity faunas (23 species) in the Camenella baltica Zone of the Cuslett and Fosters Point Formations. Trilobite-bearing, upper Lower Cambrian (Branchian Series) strata (Brigus Formation, =upper “MacCodrum’ and overlying “Canoe Brook’ Formations) unconformably overlie the Placentian Series in Cape Breton Island, southeastern Newfoundland, Shropshire, and, probably, eastern Massachusetts. Correlations based on small shelly fossils indicate an earlier appearance of trilobites in Avalon than on the South China Platform. Twenty-six species are illustrated. Halkieria fordi n. sp., the conodont(?) “Rushtonites’ asiatica n. sp., and the zhijinitid(?) Samsanoffoclavus matthewi n. gen. and sp. are described. Ischyrinia? sp. may be the oldest ischyrinoid rostroconch.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 65 , Issue 4 , July 1991 , pp. 570 - 595
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aigner, T. 1982. Calcareous tempestites: storm-dominated stratification in Upper Muschelkalk Limestones (Middle Trias, SW-Germany), p. 180–198. In Einsele, G. and Seilacher, A. (eds.), Cyclic and Event Stratification. Springer-Verlag, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azmi, R. J. 1983. Microfauna and age of the Lower Tal phosphorite of Mussoorie syncline, Garhwal, Lesser Himalaya, India. Himalayan Geology, 11:385–425.Google Scholar
Barr, S. M., Sangster, D. F., and Cormier, R. F. 1984. Petrology of Early Cambrian and Devono-Carboniferous intrusions in the Loch Lomond complex, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, p. 203–211. In Blackadar, R. G. (ed.), Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, Part A, Paper 84-1A.Google Scholar
Barrande, J. 1881. Système Silurien du centre de la Bohême, Vol. 6, Acephalés. Paris and Prague, 361 p.Google Scholar
Bengtson, S. 1970. The Lower Cambrian fossil Tommotia. Lethaia, 3:363–392.Google Scholar
Bengtson, S. 1977. Aspects of problematic fossils in the Early Paleozoic. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science, 415, 71 p.Google Scholar
Bengtson, S., and Conway Morris, S. 1984. A comparative study of Lower Cambrian Halkieria and Middle Cambrian Wiwaxia. Lethaia, 17:307–329.Google Scholar
Bengtson, S., and Fletcher, T. P. 1983. The oldest sequence of skeletal fossils in the Lower Cambrian of southeastern Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20:525–536.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1866. Palaeozoic Fossils, Volume 1. Geological Survey of Canada, 295 p.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1872. On some new species of Paleozoic fossils. Canadian Naturalist, 6 (New Series):213–222, 240–242.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1874. Palaeozoic Fossils, Volume 2, Part 1. Geological Survey of Canada, 485 p.Google Scholar
Brasier, M. D. 1984. Microfossils and small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian Hyolithes Limestone at Nuneaton, English Midlands. Geological Magazine, 121:229–253.Google Scholar
Brasier, M. D. 1986. The sequence of small shelly fossils (especially conoidal microfossils) from English Precambrian–Cambrian boundary beds. Geological Magazine, 123:237–256.Google Scholar
Brasier, M. D. 1989. Towards a biostratigraphy of the earliest skeletal biotas, p. 117–165. In Cowie, J. W. and Brasier, M. D. (eds.), The Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics No. 12, Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Brasier, M. D., and Hewitt, R. A. 1979. Environmental setting of fossiliferous rocks from the uppermost Proterozoic–Lower Cambrian of central England. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 27:35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brasier, M. D., and Brasier, C. J. 1978. On the Precambrian–Early Cambrian Hartshill Formation of Warwickshire. Geological Magazine, 115:21–36.Google Scholar
Cobbold, E. S. 1919. Cambrian Hyolithidae (etc.) from the Hartshill in the Nuneaton District, Warwickshire. Geological Magazine, 6:149–158.Google Scholar
Cobbold, E. S. 1921. The Cambrian horizons of Comley (Shropshire) and their Brachiopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, etc. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 76:325–386.Google Scholar
Cobbold, E. S., and Pocock, R. W. 1934. The Cambrian area of Rushton (Shropshire). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 223:305–409.Google Scholar
Conway Morris, S. 1988. Radiometric dating of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in the Avalon Zone, p. 53–58. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M. and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Small Shelly Fossils and the Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary. New York State Museum Bulletin 463.Google Scholar
Conway Morris, S. 1989. South-eastern Newfoundland and adjacent areas (Avalon Zone), p. 7–39. In Cowie, J. W. and Brasier, M. D. (eds.), The Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, No. 12, Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Cormier, R. F. 1972. Radiometric ages of granitic rocks, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 9:1074–1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cormier, R. F. 1979. Rubidium–strontium isochron ages of Nova Scotian granitoid plutons, p. 143–147. In MacGillivray, J. M. and McMillan, K. A. (eds.), Report of Activities, 1978. Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Resources Division, Report 79-1.Google Scholar
Crimes, T. P. 1987. Trace fossils and correlation of late Precambrian and Early Cambrian strata. Geological Magazine, 124:97–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crimes, T. P., and Anderson, M. M. 1985. Trace fossils from late Precambrian-Early Cambrian strata of southeastern Newfoundland (Canada): temporal and environmental implications. Journal of Paleontology, 59:310–343.Google Scholar
Eriksson, K. A. 1979. Marginal marine depositional processes from the Archean Moodies Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa: evidence and significance. Precambrian Research, 8:153–182.Google Scholar
Fletcher, H. 1877. Report of explorations and surveys in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Progress for 1876–1877:369–418.Google Scholar
Fletcher, H. 1879. Report of explorations and surveys in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Progress for 1877–1878, Part F, 32 p.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T. P. 1972. Geology and Lower to Middle Cambrian trilobite faunas of southwest Avalon, Newfoundland. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 472 p.Google Scholar
Fonin, V. D., and Smirnova, T. N. 1967. New group of problematic Early Cambrian organisms and methods of preparing them. Paleontological Journal, 2:7–18.Google Scholar
Grabau, A. W. 1900. Palaeontology of the Cambrian terranes of the Boston Basin. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 4:601–694.Google Scholar
Groom, T. 1902. The sequence of the Cambrian and associated beds of the Malvern Hills. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Association of London, 58:89–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinz, I. 1987. The Lower Cambrian microfauna of Comley and Rushton, Shropshire/England. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 198:41–100.Google Scholar
Hiscott, R. N. 1982. Tidal deposits of the Lower Cambrian Random Formation, eastern Newfoundland: facies and paleoenvironments. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19:2028–2046.Google Scholar
Hofmann, H. J., and Patel, I. M. 1989. Trace fossils from the type ‘Etcheminian Series’ (Lower Cambrian Ratcliffe Brook Formation), Saint John area, New Brunswick, Canada. Geological Magazine, 126:139–157.Google Scholar
Holl, H. B. 1865. On the geological structure of the Malvern Hills and adjacent districts. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 21:72–108.Google Scholar
Holm, G. 1893. Sveriges Kambrisk–Silurska Hyolithidae och Conularidae. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Afhandlingar och Uppsater 112, 172 p.Google Scholar
Horný, R. 1957. Problematic molluscs (?Amphineura) from the Lower Cambrian of south and east Siberia (U.S.S.R.). Sbornik Ustredniho ustavu Geologickeho oddil Paleontologicky, 24:323–332.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, R. D. 1952. The stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of the Cambrian sedimentary rocks of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Geological Society of Canada Memoir 263, 124 p.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, R. D. 1962. Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 88, 156 p.Google Scholar
Ingen, G., van. 1914. Table of geological formations of the Cambrian and Ordovician Systems about Conception and Trinity Bays, Newfoundland. Princeton University Contributions to the Geology of Newfoundland, 4, 1 p.Google Scholar
Keppie, J., and Murphy, J. B. 1985. Itinerary–Cape Breton Island, p. 34–46. In Pickerill, R. K., Mawer, C. K., and Fyffe, L. R. (eds.), Appalachian Geotraverse (Canadian Mainland). Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Field Excursions, Volume I. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.Google Scholar
Keppie, J., and Murphy, J. B. 1988. Anatomy of a telescoped pull-apart basin: an example from the Cambro-Ordovician rocks in the Antigonish Highlands of Nova Scotia. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology, 24:123–138.Google Scholar
Keppie, J., and Smith, P. K. 1978. Compilation of isotopic age data of Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Mines Report 78-4, 21 p.Google Scholar
Khomentovsky, V. V. 1986. Vendian stratigraphy in Siberia. Geological Magazine, 123:333–348.Google Scholar
Ksiazkiewicz, M. 1977. Trace fossils in the flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Palaeontologica Polonica, 36:1–208.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 1984. Skeleton of lapworthellids and the suprageneric classification of tommotiids (Early and Middle Cambrian phosphatic problematica). Journal of Paleontology, 58:1380–1398.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 1988a. Trace fossils, small shelly fossils and the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary: A pre-meeting viewpoint, p. 1–3. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M., and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Small Shelly Fossils and the Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary. New York State Museum Bulletin 463.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 1988b. Lower Cambrian of eastern Massachusetts: stratigraphy and small shelly fossils. Journal of Paleontology, 62:661–695.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 1989. Paleoecology and distribution of the Early Cambrian rostroconch Watsonella crosbyi Grabau. Journal of Paleontology, 63:566–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landing, E.In press. Lower Cambrian of southeastern Newfoundland: Epeirogeny and Lazarus faunas, lithofacies-biofacies linkages, and the myth of a global chronostratigraphy. In Lipps, J. and Signor, P. W. (eds.), Origins and Early Evolution of Metazoa. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Landing, E., and Benus, A. P. 1984. Lithofacies belts of the Smith Point Limestone (Lower Cambrian, eastern Newfoundland) and the lowest occurrence of trilobites. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 16:45.Google Scholar
Landing, E., and Benus, A. P. 1988a. Cambrian depositional history and stratigraphy, Avalon–Bonavista region, southeastern Newfoundland, 50 p. In Davenport, P. H., Hiscott, R. N., O'Neil, P. P., and Nowlan, L. W. (eds.), Geological Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Field Trip Guidebook, Trip A3. Geological Association of Canada, Newfoundland Section, St. John's.Google Scholar
Landing, E., and Benus, A. P. 1988b. Stratigraphy of the Bonavista Group, southeastern Newfoundland: Growth Faunts and the distribution of the sub-trilobitic Lower Cambrian, p. 59–71. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M., and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Small Shelly Fossils and the Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary. New York State Museum Bulletin 463.Google Scholar
Landing, E., and Murphy, J. B. 1991. Uppermost Precambrian(?)–Lower Cambrian of mainland Nova Scotia: faunas, depositional environments, and stratigraphic revision. Journal of Paleontology 65:382–396.Google Scholar
Landing, E., Myrow, P., Benus, A. P., and Narbonne, G. M. 1989. The Placentian Series: appearance of the oldest skeletalized faunas in southeastern Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology, 63:739–769.Google Scholar
Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M., Myrow, P., Benus, A. P., and Anderson, M. M. 1988. Faunas and depositional environments of the Upper Precambrian through Lower Cambrian, southeastern Newfoundland, p. 18–52. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M. and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Small Shelly Fossils and the Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary. New York State Museum Bulletin 463.Google Scholar
Landing, E., Nowlan, G. S., and Fletcher, T. P. 1980. A microfauna associated with Early Cambrian trilobites of the Callavia Zone, northern Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17:400–418.Google Scholar
Linnarsson, J. G. O. 1871. Om några försteningar från Sveriges och Norges ‘Primordialzon.’ Ofversigt af Konglische Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 6:789–796.Google Scholar
Luo, H., Jiang, Z., Wu, X., Song, X., Ouyang, L., et al. 1982. The Sinian Cambrian boundary in eastern Yunnan, China. Yunnan Institute of Geological Sciences, The People's Publishing House, Yunnan, 256 p. [in Chinese with English summary].Google Scholar
Luo, H., Xing, Y., Liu, G., Zang, S., and Tao, Y. 1984. Sinian–Cambrian boundary stratotype at Meishucun, Jinning, Yunnan, China. The People's Publishing House, Yunnan, 154 p.Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1889. On Cambrian organisms in Acadia. Royal Society of Canada Proceedings and Transactions, 6:135–162.Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1899a. A Palaeozoic terrane beneath the Cambrian. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 12:41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1899b. The Etcheminian fauna of Smith Sound, Newfoundland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 5:97–119.Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1899c. Preliminary notice of the Etcheminian fauna of Newfoundland. Bulletin of the Natural Historical Society of New Brunswick, 18:189–196[issued in 1902].Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1903. Report on the Cambrian rocks at Cape Breton. Geological Survey of Canada Publication No. 797, 189 p.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. C. 1973. Lapworthellids from the Lower Cambrian Strenuella Limestone at Comley, Shropshire. Palaeontology, 16:139–148.Google Scholar
Meshkova, N. P. 1969. On the question of the paleontological characteristics of the Lower Cambrian of the Siberian Platform, p. 158–182. In Zhuravleva, I. T. (ed.), Biostratigraphy and Paleontology of the Lower Cambrian of Siberia and the Far East. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Academy of Science of the U.S.S.R. (Siberian Section) [in Russian].Google Scholar
Miller, J. F. 1969. Conodont fauna of the Notch Peak Limestone (Cambro-Ordovician), House Range, Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 43:413–439.Google Scholar
Missarzhevsky, V. V., and Mambetov, A. M. 1981. Stratigraphiya i fauna pograniyniza sloev Kembriya dokembriya Malogo Karatau. Izdatel'stvo “Nauka,” Moscow, 99 p.Google Scholar
Moczydlowska, M., and Vidal, G. 1988. How old is the Tommotian? Geology, 16:166–168.Google Scholar
Müller, K. J. 1959. Kambrische Conodonten. Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaftung Zeitschrift, 111:434–485.Google Scholar
Myrow, P., Narbonne, G. M., and Hiscott, R. N. 1988. Storm-shelf and tidal deposits of the Chapel Island and Random Formations, Burin Peninsula: facies and trace fossils, 105 p. In Davenport, P. H., Hiscott, R. N., O'Neil, P. P., and Nolan, L. W. (eds.), Geological Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Field Trip Guidebook, Trip B6. Geological Association of Canada, Newfoundland Section, St. John's.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M., and Myrow, P. 1988. Trace fossil biostratigraphy in the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary interval, p. 72–76. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M., and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Small Shelly Fossils and the Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary. New York State Museum Bulletin 463.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M., Landing, E., and Anderson, M. M. 1987. A candidate stratotype for the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary, Fortune Head, Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24:1277–1293.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S., Narbonne, G. M., and Fritz, W. H. 1985. Small shelly fossils and trace fossils near the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Lethaia, 18:233–256.Google Scholar
O'Brien, S. J., Strong, P. G., and Evans, J. L. 1977. The geology of the Grand Bank (1M/4) and Lamaline (1L/13) Map Areas, Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Mineral Development Division, Report 77-7, 16 p.Google Scholar
Peel, J. 1988. Spirellus and other helically coiled microfossils from the Lower Cambrian. Lethaia, 17:319–345.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. Jr., and Runnegar, B. 1976. The paleontology of rostroconch mollusks and the early history of the phylum Mollusca. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 968, 88 p.Google Scholar
Poulsen, C. 1967. Fossils from the Lower Cambrian of Bornholm. Det Konglelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Matematisk-Fysike Meddelelser, 36(2), 49 p.Google Scholar
Qian, Y. 1978. Hyolitha and some problematica from the Lower Cambrian Meishucun Stage in Central and S.W. China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 16:1–45.Google Scholar
Qian, Y., and Bengtson, S. 1989. Palaeontology and biostratigraphy of the Early Cambrian Meishucunian Stage in Yunnan Province, south China. Fossils and Strata 24, 156 p.Google Scholar
Raeside, R. P., and Barr, S. M. 1986. Stratigraphy and structure of the southeastern Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology, 22:264–277.Google Scholar
Rast, N., O'Brien, B. H., and Wardle, R. F. J. 1976. Relationships between Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the ‘Avalon Platform’ in New Brunswick, the northeast Appalachians and the British Isles. Tectonophysics, 30:315–338.Google Scholar
Reardon, K. M. 1985. Morrison River Formation, p. 261. In Williams, G. L., Fyffe, L. R., Wardle, R. J., Colman-Sadd, S. P., and Boehner, R. C. (eds.), Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, Volume VI, Atlantic Region. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary.Google Scholar
Reardon, K. M., and Watt, J. A. 1985. MacCodrum Formation, p. 224. In Williams, G. L., Fyffe, L. R., Wardle, R. J., Colman-Sadd, S. P., and Boehner, R. C. (eds.), Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, Volume VI, Atlantic Region. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary.Google Scholar
Resser, C. E. 1938. Fourth contribution to nomenclature of Cambrian fossils. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 97(10):1–43.Google Scholar
Rigby, J. K. 1978. Porifera of the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale, from the Wheeler Amphitheater, House Range, in western Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 52:1325–1345.Google Scholar
Rozanov, A. Yu., and Missarzhevsky, V. V. 1966. Biostratigrafiya i fauna nizhnich gorozontov Kembriya. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Geologiceskiya Institut, Trudy 148, Izdatel'stvo “Nauka,” Moscow, 126 p.Google Scholar
Rozanov, A. Yu., Volkova, N. A., Voronova, L. C., Krylov, I. N., Keller, B. M., Korolyuk, I. K., Lendzion, K., Michniak, R., Pykova, N. G., and Sidarov, A. D. 1969. Tommotskii yarus i problema nizhnej granitsky Kembriya. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Zhumeni Geologicheskii Institut, 206, “Nauka,” Moscow, 359 p.Google Scholar
Sacco, F. 1888. Noti di paleoicnologia Italiana. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 31:151–191.Google Scholar
Sexton, A. J. 1985. Geology of the Sporting Mountain area, southeastern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada, Precambrian Division, Open File Report 1236, 136 p.Google Scholar
Shaler, N. S., and Foerste, A. F. 1888. Preliminary description of North Attleboro fossils. Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, 16:27–41.Google Scholar
Singh, P., and Shukla, S. D. 1981. Fossils from the Lower Tal: their age and its bearing on the stratigraphy of Lesser Himalaya. Geoscience Journal 2:157–176.Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. 1978. Geology of the Giant Lake area, southeastern, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Mines, Paper 78-3, 30 p.Google Scholar
Smith, S. A., and Hiscott, R. N. 1984. Latest Precambrian to Early Cambrian basin evolution, Fortune Bay Newfoundland: fault-bounded basin to platform. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 21:1379–1392.Google Scholar
Sokolov, B. S., and Zhuravleva, I. T. 1983. Yarosnoe rasolenie Nizhnego Kembriya Sibiri—atlas okamenelostey. Izdatel'stvo “Nauka,” Moscow, 216 p.Google Scholar
Vail, P. R., Mitchum, R. M., and Thompson, S. III. 1977. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 3: Relative changes of sea level from coastal onlap, p. 63–81. In Payton, E. (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy—Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 26.Google Scholar
Voronin, Yu. I., Voronova, L. G., Grigor'ieva, N. V., Drozdova, N. A., Zhegallo, Ye. A., Zhuravleva, A. Yu., Ragoznia, A. L., Rozanov, A. Yu., Sautena, T. A., Sysoiev, V. A., and Fonin, V. D. 1982. Granitsa dokembriya i Kembriya v geosynclinal'nych oblasttyach (Opornya razez Salany-Gol, MHP). Somestnaya Sovetsko—Mongolskaya Paleontologischeskaya Ekspeditsiyo Trudy, Izdatel'stvo “Nauka,” Moscow, 250 p.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1886. Second contribution to the studies on the Cambrian faunas of North America. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 30, 225 p.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1889. Descriptive notes on new genera and species from the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus Zone of North America. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 12:33–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1890. The fauna of the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus Zone of North America. 10th Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey, 574 p.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1900. Lower Cambrian terrane in the Atlantic Province. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1:301–339.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1920. Cambrian geology and paleontology IV, No. 6. Middle Cambrian Spongiae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 67:261–364.Google Scholar
Walliser, O. H. 1957. Rhombocorniculum comleyense n. gen. n. sp. (Incertae sedis), (Unterkambrium, Shropshire). Paläontologisches Zeitschrift, 32:176–180.Google Scholar
Weeks, L. J. 1947. Mira–Framboise, Richmond and Cape Breton Counties, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 47-17, 1 p.Google Scholar
Weeks, L. J. 1954. Southern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 277, 112 p.Google Scholar
White, D. E. 1939. Geology and molybdenite deposits of the Rencontre East area, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 119 p.Google Scholar
Widmer, K. 1950. Geology of the Hermitage Bay area, Newfoundland. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 439 p.Google Scholar
Williams, H. (compiler). 1978. Tectonic lithofacies map of the Appalachian orogen. Memorial University of Newfoundland, Department of Geology, Map 1.Google Scholar
Williams, H., and Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 1982. Suspect terranes and accretionary history of the Appalachian Orogen. Geology, 10:530–536.Google Scholar
Wiman, C. 1903. Studien über das Nordbaltische Silurgebiet. I. Olenellussandstein, Obolussandstein und Ceratopyscheifer. Bulletin of the Geological Institute of the University of Uppsala, 6:12–76.Google Scholar
Xing, Y., Ding, Q., Luo, H., He, P., Wang, Y, et al. 1983. The Sinian-Cambrian Boundary of China. Bulletin of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, No., 10, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 262 p.Google Scholar
Yochelson, E. L. 1969. Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca. Lethaia, 2:49–62.Google Scholar