Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T00:01:24.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Eosinophilic oesophagitis: a systematic review for otolaryngologists

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 October 2015

M Bahgat ,
N Dawe  and
L Flood
M Bahgat
Affiliation:
Department of ENT, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
N Dawe
Affiliation:
Department of ENT, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
L Flood*
Affiliation:
Department of ENT, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
*
Address for correspondence: Mr Liam Flood, Department of ENT, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK E-mail: liam.flood@nhs.net
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Eosinophilic oesophagitis is a chronic, immune/antigen-mediated oesophageal disease, only recently, but increasingly, recognised in the world literature. It is diagnosed and managed primarily by medical gastroenterologists and allergy specialists, and is a distinct disease entity, affecting both children and adults. Few studies have been published in otolaryngology journals, although otolaryngologists will encounter patients with undiagnosed eosinophilic oesophagitis. Patients may present with dysphagia, bolus obstruction or with other ENT disorders, such as atopic rhinitis, reflecting the underlying systemic allergic disorder.

Objective:

This paper systematically reviews the evidence base published on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of eosinophilic oesophagitis, particularly as it relates to otolaryngology practice.

Keywords

Eosinophilic EsophagitisEsophagitisDysphagiaGastro-Esophageal RefluxAllergyOtolaryngologyReview, SystematicRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicMeta-Analysis as Topic
Type
Review Articles
Information
The Journal of Laryngology & Otology , Volume 129 , Issue 12 , December 2015 , pp. 1156 - 1166
Copyright
Copyright © JLO (1984) Limited 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Furuta, GT, Liacouras, CA, Collins, MH, Gupta, SK, Justinich, C, Putnam, PE et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1342–63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Liacouras, CA, Furuta, GT, Hirano, I, Atkins, D, Attwood, SE, Bonis, PA et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:3–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Dellon, ES, Gonsalves, N, Hirano, I, Furuta, GT, Liacouras, CA, Katzka, DA. ACG clinical guideline: evidenced based approach to the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:679–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Winter, HS, Madara, JL, Stafford, RJ, Grand, RJ, Quinlan, JE, Goldman, H. Intraepithelial eosinophils: a new diagnostic criterion for reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1982;83:818–23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Attwood, SE, Smyrk, T, Demeester, T, Jones, J. Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:109–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Kelly, KJ, Lazenby, AJ, Rowe, PC, Yardley, JH, Perman, JA, Sampson, HA. Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid-based formula. Gastroenterology 1995;109:1503–12CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Prasad, GA, Alexander, JA, Schleck, CD, Zinsmeister, AR, Smyrk, TC, Elias, RM et al. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis over three decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:1055–61CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Hruz, P, Straumann, A, Bussman, C, Heer, P, Simon, H-U, Zwahlen, M et al. Escalating incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis: a 20-year prospective, population-based study in Olten County, Switzerland. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:1349–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Ngiu, CS, Low, SF. Meta-analysis and systematic review of prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:325Google Scholar
10Cherian, S, Smith, NM, Forbes, DA. Rapidly increasing prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in Western Australia. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:1000–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11DeBrosse, CW, Collins, MH, Buckmeier, BB, Allen, CL, King, EC, Assa'ad, AH et al. Identification, epidemiology, and chronicity of pediatric esophageal eosinophilia, 1982–1999. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:112–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Sealock, RJ, Rendon, G, El-Serag, HB. Systematic review: the epidemiology of eosinophilic oesophagitis in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:712–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Dellon, ES, Jensen, ET, Martin, CF, Shaheen, NJ, Kappelman, MD. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:589–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Soon, IS, Butzner, JD, Kaplan, GG, Debruyn, JC. Incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013;57:72–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Simon, D, Marti, H, Heer, P, Simon, H-U, Braathen, LR, Straumann, A. Eosinophilic esophagitis is frequently associated with IgE-mediated allergic airway diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:1090–2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Assa'ad, A. Eosinophilic esophagitis: association with allergic disorders. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2008;18:119–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Karkos, PD, Srivastava, R, Kaptanis, S, Vaughan, C. Eosinophilic esophagitis for the otolaryngologist. Int J Otolaryngol 2012;2012:181402CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Dauer, EH, Ponikau, JU, Smyrk, TC, Murray, JA, Thompson, DM. Airway manifestations of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: a clinical and histopathologic report of an emerging association. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006;115:507–17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Kelly, EA, Linn, D, Keppel, KL, Noel, RJ, Chun, RH. Otolaryngologic surgeries are frequent in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2014;124:355–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Smith, LP, Chewaproug, L, Spergel, JM, Zur, KB. Otolaryngologists may not be doing enough to diagnose pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009;73:1554–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Elliott, EJ, Thomas, D, Markowitz, JE. Non-surgical interventions for eosinophilic esophagitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(3):CD004065CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Kim, HP, Vance, RB, Shaheen, NJ, Dellon, ES. The prevalence and diagnostic utility of endoscopic features of eosinophilic esophagitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:988–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Arias, A, Gonzalez-Cervera, J, Tenias, JM, Lucendo, AJ. Efficacy of dietary interventions for inducing histologic remission in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2014;146:1639–48CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Lucendo, AJ, Arias, A, Tenias, JM. Relation between eosinophilic esophagitis and oral immunotherapy for food allergy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;113:624–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Moawad, FJ, Cheatham, JG, Dezee, KJ. Meta-analysis: the safety and efficacy of dilation in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38:713–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Kavitt, RT, Penson, DF, Vaezi, MF. Eosinophilic esophagitis: dilate or medicate? A cost analysis model of the choice of initial therapy. Dis Esophagus 2014;27:418–23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Lin, SK, Sabharwal, G, Ghaffari, G. A review of the evidence linking eosinophilic esophagitis and food allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc 2015;36:26–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Sgouros, SN, Bergele, C, Mantides, A. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: what is the clinical significance? Endoscopy 2006;38:515–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Molina-Infante, J, Katzka, DA, Gisbert, JP. Review article: proton pump inhibitor therapy for suspected eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37:1157–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Chuang, MY, Chinnaratha, MA, Hancock, DG, Woodman, R, Wong, GR, Cock, C et al. Topical steroid therapy for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015;6:e82CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Bohm, ME, Richter, JE. Review article: oesophageal dilation in adults with eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:748–57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Bergquist, H, Bove, M. Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: an ear, nose, and throat perspective. Laryngoscope 2009;119:1467–71CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Liacouras, CA, Markowitz, JE. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a subset of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1999;1:253–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Dellon, ES. Do you see what I see? Towards standardized reporting of endoscopic findings in eosinophilic esophagitis. Endoscopy 2014;46:1043–5Google Scholar
35Collins, MH. Histopathologic features of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2008;18:59–71CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Dellon, ES. Eosinophilic esophagitis: diagnostic tests and criteria. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012;28:382–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Spechler, SJ, Genta, RM, Souza, RF. Thoughts on the complex relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1301–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Kia, L, Hirano, I. Distinguishing GERD from eosinophilic oesophagitis: concepts and controversies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:379–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Doerfler, B, Bryce, P, Hirano, I, Gonsalves, N. Practical approach to implementing dietary therapy in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis: the Chicago experience. Dis Esophagus 2015;28:42–58CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Amin, MR, Postma, GN, Setzen, M, Koufman, JA. Transnasal esophagoscopy: a position statement from the American Bronchoesophagological Association (ABEA). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;138:411–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Attwood, SE, Furuta, GT. Eosinophilic esophagitis: historical perspective on an evolving disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2014;43:185–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Attwood, S, Sabri, S. Historical aspects of eosinophilic esophagitis: from case reports to clinical trials. Dig Dis 2014;32:34–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Helou, EF, Simonson, J, Arora, AS. 3-yr-follow-up of topical corticosteroid treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2194–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Konikoff, MR, Noel, RJ, Blanchard, C, Kirby, C, Jameson, SC, Buckmeier, BK et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluticasone propionate for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2006;131:1381–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Alexander, JA, Jung, KW, Arora, AS, Enders, F, Katzka, DA, Kephardt, GM et al. Swallowed fluticasone improves histologic but not symptomatic response of adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:742–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Butz, BK, Wen, T, Gleich, GJ, Furuta, GT, Spergel, J, King, E et al. Efficacy, dose reduction, and resistance to high-dose fluticasone in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2014;147:324–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Schaefer, ET, Fitzgerald, JF, Molleston, JP, Croffie, JM, Pfefferkorn, MD, Corkins, MR et al. Comparison of oral prednisone and topical fluticasone in the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis: a randomized trial in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:165–73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Dohil, R, Newbury, R, Fox, L, Bastian, J, Aceves, S. Oral viscous budesonide is effective in children with eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2010;139:418–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Gupta, SK, Vitanza, JM, Collins, MH. Efficacy and safety of oral budesonide suspension in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13:66–76CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Straumann, A, Conus, S, Degen, L, Felder, S, Kummer, M, Engel, H et al. Budesonide is effective in adolescent and adult patients with active eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1526–37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Straumann, A, Conus, S, Degen, L, Frei, C, Bussmann, C, Beglinger, C et al. Long-term budesonide maintenance treatment is partially effective for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:400–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Assa'ad, AH, Gupta, SK, Collins, MH, Thomson, M, Heath, AT, Smith, DA et al. An antibody against IL-5 reduces numbers of esophageal intraepithelial eosinophils in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1593–604CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Straumann, A, Conus, S, Kita, H, Kephart, G, Bussmann, C, Beglinger, C et al. Mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to IL-5, for severe eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Gastroenterology 2007;132:2586CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54Kottyan, LC, Davis, BP, Sherrill, JD, Liu, K, Rochman, M, Kaufman, K et al. Genome-wide association analysis of eosinophilic esophagitis provides insight into the tissue specificity of this allergic disease. Nat Genet 2014;46:895–900CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Alexander, ES, Martin, LJ, Collins, MH, Kottyan, LC, Sucharew, H, He, H et al. Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;134:1084–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Blanchard, C, Wang, N, Stringer, KF, Mishra, A, Fulkerson, PC, Abonia, JP et al. Eotaxin-3 and a uniquely conserved gene-expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Clin Invest 2006;116:536–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57Hirano, I, Moy, N, Heckman, MG, Thomas, CS, Gonsalves, N, Achem, SR. Endoscopic assessment of the oesophageal features of eosinophilic oesophagitis: validation of a novel classification and grading system. Gut 2013;62:489–95CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Tanaka, K, Rubio, CA, Dlugosz, A, Truskaite, K, Befrits, R, Lindberg, G et al. Narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy in adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis/esophageal eosinophilia and lymphocytic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:659–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Van Rhijn, BD, Warners, MJ, Curvers, WL, Van Lent, AU, Bekkali, NL, Takkenberg, RB et al. Evaluating the Endoscopic Reference Score for eosinophilic esophagitis: moderate to substantial intra- and interobserver reliability. Endoscopy 2014;46:1049–55Google ScholarPubMed
60Brigger, MT, Misdraji, J, Hardy, SC, Hartnick, CJ. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children: a pathologic or clinicopathologic diagnosis? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009;135:95–100CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Dellon, ES, Speck, O, Woodward, K, Gebhart, JH, Madanick, RD, Levinson, S et al. Clinical and endoscopic characteristics do not reliably differentiate PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis in patients undergoing upper endoscopy: a prospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1854–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Dellon, ES, Speck, O, Woodward, K, Covey, S, Rusin, S, Gebhart, JH et al. Markers of eosinophilic inflammation for diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis and proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:2015–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Lewis, CJ, Lamb, CA, Kanakala, V, Pritchard, S, Armstrong, GR, Attwood, SE. Is the etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults a response to allergy or reflux injury? Study of cellular proliferation markers. Dis Esophagus 2009;22:249–55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Molina-Infante, J, Hernandez-Alonso, M, Vinagre-Rodriguez, G, Mateos-Rodriguez, JM, Duenas-Sadornil, C, Perez-Gallardo, B et al. Proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia correlates with downregulation of eotaxin-3 and Th2 cytokines overexpression. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;40:955–65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Liacouras, CA, Wenner, WJ, Brown, K, Ruchelli, E. Primary eosinophilic esophagitis in children: successful treatment with oral corticosteroids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;26:380–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Lopez-Lazaro, L, Marx, C, Bussmann, C, Straumann, A. Active eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with impaired elimination of budesonide by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes. Digestion 2013;87:110–17Google Scholar
67Garrett, JK, Jameson, SC, Thomson, B, Collins, MH, Wagoner, LE, Freese, DK et al. Anti-interleukin-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for hypereosinophilic syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:115–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Schoepfer, AM, Panczak, R, Zwahlen, M, Kuehni, CE, Coslovsky, M, Maurer, E et al. How do gastroenterologists assess overall activity of eosinophilic esophagitis in adult patients? Am J Gastroenterol 2015;110:402–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Liacouras, CA, Spergel, JM, Ruchelli, E, Verma, R, Mascarenhas, M, Semeao, E et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a 10-year experience in 381 children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:1198–206CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Noel, RJ, Putnam, PE, Rothenberg, ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2004;351:940–1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Spergel, JM, Brown-Whitehorn, TF, Beausoleil, JL, Franciosi, J, Shuker, M, Verma, R et al. 14 years of eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical features and prognosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48:30–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Lee, RG. Marked eosinophilia in esophageal mucosal biopsies. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:475–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Rothenberg, ME, Spergel, JM, Sherrill, JD, Annaiah, K, Martin, LJ, Cianferoni, A et al. Common variants at 5q22 associate with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Nat Genet 2010;42:289–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Assa'ad, AH, Putnam, PE, Collins, MH, Akers, RM, Jameson, SC, Kirby, CL et al. Pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: an 8-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:731–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Abonia, JP, Wen, T, Stucke, EM, Grotjan, T, Griffith, MS, Kemme, KA et al. High prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients with inherited connective tissue disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132:378–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Straumann, A, Spichtin, H-P, Grize, L, Bucher, KA, Beglinger, C, Simon, H-U. Natural history of primary eosinophilic esophagitis: a follow-up of 30 adult patients for up to 11.5 years. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1660–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Sperry, SL, Crockett, SD, Miller, CB, Shaheen, NJ, Dellon, ES. Esophageal foreign-body impactions: epidemiology, time trends, and the impact of the increasing prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:985–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Ricker, J, McNear, S, Cassidy, T, Plott, E, Arnold, H, Kendall, B et al. Routine screening for eosinophilic esophagitis in patients presenting with dysphagia. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2011;4:27–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Prasad, GA, Talley, NJ, Romero, Y, Arora, AS, Kryzer, LA, Smyrk, TC et al. Prevalence and predictive factors of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients presenting with dysphagia: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2627–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Veerappan, GR, Perry, JL, Duncan, TJ, Baker, TP, Maydonovitch, C, Lake, JM et al. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in an adult population undergoing upper endoscopy: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:420–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81Dellon, ES, Kim, HP, Sperry, SL, Rybnicek, DA, Woosley, JT, Shaheen, NJ. A phenotypic analysis shows that eosinophilic esophagitis is a progressive fibrostenotic disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2014;79:577–85CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Schoepfer, AM, Safroneeva, E, Bussmann, C, Kuchen, T, Portmann, S, Simon, H-U et al. Delay in diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis increases risk for stricture formation in a time-dependent manner. Gastroenterology 2013;145:1230–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Lee, J, Huprich, J, Kujath, C, Ravi, K, Enders, F, Smyrk, TC et al. Esophageal diameter is decreased in some patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and might increase with topical corticosteroid therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:481–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Hori, K, Watari, J, Fukui, H, Tanaka, J, Tomita, T, Sakurai, J et al. Do endoscopic features suggesting eosinophilic esophagitis represent histological eosinophilia? Dig Endosc 2014;26:156–63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Rodrigo, S, Abboud, G, Oh, D, DeMeester, SR, Hagen, J, Lipham, J et al. High intraepithelial eosinophil counts in esophageal squamous epithelium are not specific for eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:435–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86Abe, Y, Iijima, K, Ohara, S, Koike, T, Kikuchi, R, Kato, K et al. Localized esophageal eosinophilia: is it an early manifestation of eosinophilic esophagitis or a subtype of gastroesophageal reflux disease? Dig Endosc 2014;26:337–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Nielsen, JA, Lager, DJ, Lewin, M, Rendon, G, Roberts, CA. The optimal number of biopsy fragments to establish a morphologic diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:515–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Bove, M, Tegtmeyer, B, Persson, S, Bergquist, H. The pharyngeal mucosa is not involved in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:495–500CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89Ravi, K, Katzka, DA, Smyrk, TC, Prasad, GA, Romero, Y, Francis, DL et al. Prevalence of esophageal eosinophils in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:851–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Mueller, S, Neureiter, D, Aigner, T, Stolte, M. Comparison of histological parameters for the diagnosis of eosinophilic oesophagitis versus gastro-oesophageal reflux disease on oesophageal biopsy material. Histopathology 2008;53:676–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Dranove, JE, Horn, DS, Davis, MA, Kernek, KM, Gupta, SK. Predictors of response to proton pump inhibitor therapy among children with significant esophageal eosinophilia. J Pediatr 2009;154:96–100CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Arora, AS, Perrault, J, Smyrk, TC. Topical corticosteroid treatment of dysphagia due to eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:830–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93Faubion, JW, Perrault, J, Burgart, LJ, Zein, NN, Clawson, M, Freese, DK. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with inhaled corticosteroids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;27:90–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Kuchen, T, Straumann, A, Safroneeva, E, Romero, Y, Bussmann, C, Vavricka, S et al. Swallowed topical corticosteroids reduce the risk for long-lasting bolus impactions in eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy 2014;69:1248–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95Bergquist, H, Larsson, H, Johansson, L, Bove, M. Dysphagia and quality of life may improve with mometasone treatment in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: a pilot study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;145:551–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Attwood, SE, Lewis, CJ, Bronder, CS, Morris, CD, Armstrong, GR, Whittam, J. Eosinophilic oesophagitis: a novel treatment using Montelukast. Gut 2003;52:181–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Kaplan, M, Mutlu, EA, Jakate, S, Bruninga, K, Losurdo, J, Losurdo, J et al. Endoscopy in eosinophilic esophagitis: “feline” esophagus and perforation risk. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1:433–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Cohen, MS, Kaufman, AB, Palazzo, JP, Nevin, D, Dimarino, AJ, Cohen, S. An audit of endoscopic complications in adult eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1149–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Schoepfer, AM, Gonsalves, N, Bussmann, C, Conus, S, Simon, H-U, Straumann, A et al. Esophageal dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: effectiveness, safety, and impact on the underlying inflammation. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:1062–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Croese, J, Fairley, SK, Masson, JW, Chong, AK, Whitaker, DA, Kanowski, PA et al. Clinical and endoscopic features of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:516–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Ally, MR, Dias, J, Veerappan, GR, Maydonovitch, CL, Wong, RK, Moawad, FJ. Safety of dilation in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dis Esophagus 2013;26:241–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Orenstein, SR, Shalaby, TM, Di Lorenzo, C, Putnam, PE, Sigurdsson, L, Mousa, H et al. The spectrum of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis beyond infancy: a clinical series of 30 children. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1422–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Dauer, EH, Freese, DK, El-Youssef, M, Thompson, DM. Clinical characteristics of eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2005;114:827–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Hill, CA, Ramakrishna, J, Fracchia, MS, Sternberg, D, Ojha, S, Infusino, S et al. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children with refractory aerodigestive symptoms. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;139:903–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105Duval, M, Tarasidis, G, Grimmer, JF, Muntz, HR, Park, AH, Smith, M et al. Role of operative airway evaluation in children with recurrent croup: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Otolaryngol 2015;40:227–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Cooper, T, Kuruvilla, G, Persad, R, El-Hakim, H. Atypical croup: association with airway lesions, atopy, and esophagitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;147:209–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Paddack, A, Gibbons, T, Smith, C, Patil, S, Richter, GT. Food hypersensitivity and otolaryngologic conditions in young children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;147:215–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Otteson, TD, Mantle, BA, Casselbrant, ML, Goyal, A. The otolaryngologic manifestations in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012;76:116–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Greifer, M, Santiago, MT, Tsirilakis, K, Cheng, JC, Smith, LP. Pediatric patients with chronic cough and recurrent croup: the case for a multidisciplinary approach. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015;79:749–52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Yawn, RJ, Acra, S, Goudy, SL, Flores, R, Wootten, CT. Eosinophilic laryngitis in children with aerodigestive dysfunction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;153:124–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Williams, P, Jameson, S, Bishop, P, Sawaya, D, Nowicki, M. Esophageal foreign bodies and eosinophilic esophagitis - the need for esophageal mucosal biopsy: a 12-year survey across pediatric subspecialties. Surg Endosc 2013;27:2216–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Hudson, S, Sampson, C, Muntz, HR, Jackson, WD, Smith, ME. Foreign body impaction as presentation of eosinophilic esophagitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;149:679–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Bennett, AM, Sharma, A, Price, T, Montgomery, PQ. The management of foreign bodies in the pharynx and oesophagus using transnasal flexible laryngo-oesophagoscopy (TNFLO). Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2008;90:13–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Lucendo, AJ, Arias, T, Molina-Infante, J, Rodriguez-Sanchez, J, Rodrigo, L, Nantes, T et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults: results from a Spanish registry of clinical practice. Dig Liver Dis 2013;45:562–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Butsch Kovacic, M, Biagini Myers, JM, Lindsey, M, Patterson, T, Sauter, S, Ericksen, MB et al. The Greater Cincinnati Pediatric Clinic Repository: a novel framework for childhood asthma and allergy research. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol 2012;25:104–13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Hommel, KA, DeBrosse, CW, Greenberg, AB, Greenler, AJ, Abonia, JP, Rothenberg, ME et al. Development of a validated patient-reported symptom metric for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: qualitative methods. BMC Gastroenterol 2011;11:126Google Scholar
117Hartnick, CJ, Liu, JH, Cotton, RT, Rudolph, C. Subglottic stenosis complicated by allergic esophagitis: case report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002;111:57–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118Sharaf, RN, Shergill, AK, Odze, RD, Krinsky, ML, Fukami, N, Jain, R et al. Endoscopic mucosal tissue sampling. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:216–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119Sperry, SL, Shaheen, NJ, Dellon, ES. Effect of guidelines for eosinophilic esophagitis on variability of diagnostic criteria in the medical literature. Gastroenterology 2011;140:S240–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
120Dellon, ES, Speck, O, Woodward, K, Woosley, JT, Shaheen, NJ. The patchy nature of esophageal eosinophilia in eosinophilic esophagitis: insights from pathology samples from a clinical trial. Gastroenterology 2012;142:S432Google Scholar
121Gonsalves, N, Doerfler, B, Schwartz, S, Yang, G-Y, Zalewski, A, Amsden, K et al. Prospective trial of four food elimination diet demonstrates comparable effectiveness in the treatment of adult and pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2013;144:S154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122Khanna, S, Kujath, C, Katzka, D, Arora, A, Grothe, R, Romero, Y et al. The natural history of symptomatic esophageal eosinophilia: a longitudinal follow-up over 5 years. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:S19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
123Gonsalves, N, Policarpio-Nicolas, M, Zhang, Q, Rao, MS, Hirano, I. Histopathologic variability and endoscopic correlates in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;64:313–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Attwood, SE, Lamb, CA. Eosinophilic oesophagitis and other non-reflux inflammatory conditions of the oesophagus: diagnostic imaging and management. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2008;22:639–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125United European Gastroenterology. Harmonizing diagnosis and therapy of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EoE) across Europe (HaEoE-EU). In: https://www.ueg.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Awards/HaEoE_EU_ProjectDescription_LinkAward_2014.pdf [18 September 2015]Google Scholar