^† This article was originally dedicated to Professor Manolis Andronikos, who supported my research in every possible way. It is now dedicated to his memory, as an acknowledgement of his scholarly contribution to Macedonian studies. My deep appreciation I owe to Professor H. Kyrieleis, Professor D. Pantermalis and especially to Professor V. v. Graeve, for reading the draft and encouraging the completion of this paper. The English text owes much to Dr. Bettina Tsigarida and especially to Dr. A. Johnston who revised it. The drawings I owe to George Miltsakakis' friendly offer. For useful remarks I thank my colleagues Dr. B. Schmidt-Douna, Dr. P. Faklaris and Dr. A. Mentzos, at Thessaloniki University. I owe much to the anonymous readers for JHS and to the Editor.

¹ Μαν. Ανδρόνικος, ‘Ιστορία και αρχαιολογία’: Φίλια επη εις Γ.Ε. Μυλωνάν (Athens 1984) 19–37. Borza, E.N., In the shadow of Olympus. The emergence of Macedon (Princeton 1990) 3 ff.Google Scholar mainly 18 ff. (This ambitious work would have been more reliable, had the author approached the archaeological data more carefully).

² Borza (n. 1) 40.

³ Kalléris, J., Les anciens Macédoniens i (Athens 1954) 203 ff.Google Scholar 204 nn. 1–2, 206 n. 6.

⁴ Heuzey, L.—Daumet, H., Mission archéologique de Macédoine (Paris 1876) 292 f.Google ScholarDaremberg-Saglio, , Dictionnaire des Antiquités ii (Paris 1896) 975 ff.Google Scholar (L. Heuzey). Wuescher-Becchi, E., BollComm xxxii (1904) 93 ff.Google ScholarHoffmann, O., Die Makedonen, ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum (1906) 55 ff.Google ScholarRE xi (1921) s.v. ‘καυσία’ 98 ff. (A.v. Netoliczka). Neuffer, E., Das Kostüm Alexander d.Gr. (Giessen 1929)Google ScholarKähler, A., Der grosse Fries von Pergamon (Berlin 1948) 138Google Scholar n. 73. Thompson, D. B., Troy.Supp.3: The terracotta figurines of the Hellenistic period (Princeton 1963) 53–55Google Scholar, pls. XVI.52–57 and LXI.a-e. Schneider, C., Kulturgeschichte des Hellenismus ii (Munich 1969) 32 f.Google ScholarHölscher, T., Griechische Historienbilder des 5. und 4. Jhds.v.Chr. (Würzburg 1973) 135 ff.Google Scholar n. 800. Le Roy, Chr., RA ii (1986) 287 ff.Google Scholar figs. 5–8. Friedricksmeyer, E. A., TAPhA cxvi (1986) 215–227.Google Scholar

⁵ Kingsley, B.M.. ‘The cap that survived Alexander’ AJA lxxxv (1981) 39–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar pl. 6 (hereafter Kingsley).

⁶ Dintsis, P., Hellenistiche Helme (Rome 1986) 183–195Google Scholar, 204–314 nos. 281–301, pls. 80–83, Beil. 14 (hereafter Dintsis).

⁷ Prestianni-Giallombardo, A.M., ‘Kausia diadematophoros in Macedonia: Testimonianze misconosciute e nuove proposte’, Messana NS i (1989) 1–13Google Scholar pls. I–IV.

⁸ Μαν. Ανδρόνικος, Βεργίνα. Οι Βασιλικοί τάφοι και οι άλλες αρχαιότητες (Athens 1984) 96 ff.

⁹ Gow, A.S.F.—Page, D. L., The Greek Anthology. Part I: The garland of Philip i–ii (Cambridge 1968) 37Google Scholar no. 41, 50–51 respectively.

¹⁰ Le Roy (n. 4) 290 n. 64. Dintsis 184 n. 12, 190 n. 57.

¹¹ Garlan, Y., Recherches de poliorcétique grecque (Athens 1974) 314, 31–36.Google Scholar

¹² Graeve, V. v., Der Alexandersarkophag und sein Werkstatt (Berlin 1970) 87 n. 28.Google Scholar

¹³ Dintsis 183 n. 4. Heuzey (n. 4) 975. Netoliczka (n. 4) c.89. Schneider (n. 4) 32. Hölscher (n. 4) 135. Kähler (n. 4) 138 n. 73.

¹⁴ Jaeckel, P., Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für historische Waffen-und Kostümkunde vii (1965) 103.Google Scholar Wuescher-Becchi (n.4) 104. Sauer, H., Kleine Pauly iii (1969) cols. 171–172Google Scholar suggested both leather and felt. Kalleris (n. 3) 204 f. proposed leather for the early kausiai but felt for the royal ones.

¹⁵ Heuzey (n. 4) 976. Netoliczka (n. 4) c.92.

¹⁶ Dintsis 183 n. 4.

¹⁷ Kingsley 42 n. 26.

¹⁸ Kingsley 42 n. 26 prefers ‘bits of wool’ rather than ‘felt’. Dintsis 183 n. 4.

¹⁹ Gow-Page (n. 9) i 37 no. XLI. Kingsley 42 n. 26. Dintsis 183 n. 4.

²⁰ LSJ, s.v. ‘ἱδρώς’ = Ar. Eccles. 750.

²¹ Gow-Page (n. 9) ii, 53 s.v. ‘διψήσασα’ = Xen. An. 1.1: ‘ἐγὼ ὑμῖν διψῶ χαρίζεσθαι’.

²² Gow-Page (n.9) ii, 57 s.v. ‘κρόκη’. LSJ s.v. ‘κρόκη’.

²³ Dintsis 183 n. 4. Kingsley 42 n. 26.

²⁴ Borchhardt, J., Homerische Helme (Mainz 1972) 9Google Scholar s.v. ‘πῖλος’: ‘das Wort erscheint nur einmal als Bezeichnung für das Innerfutter des Eberzahnhelmes auf der Dolonie’.

²⁵ Blümner, H., Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Kunste bei Griechen und Römern i (1912) 226 n. 6.Google Scholar

²⁶ Edgar, C.C., Zenon Papyri iv (Hildesheim 1971) 77–78Google Scholar no. 59633.6–9.

²⁷ Garlan (n. 11) 314.31–36.

²⁸ LSJ s.v. ‘ἀρνακίς’. Blümner (n. 25) 260 n.3. Le Roy (n. 4) 292 n. 70 interprets the term as ‘kausiai en peau (ou feutre) de mouton’.

²⁹ Kalleris (n. 3) 205 n. 5. Thompson (n. 4) 53 n. 134.

³⁰ Garlan (n. 11) 314 translates the term as ‘chapeau de feutre’.

³¹ LSJ s.v. ‘χρώς’.

³² LSJ s.v. ‘ὑυμήν’, ‘μεμβράνη’, ‘κύστις’.

³³ Forbes, R.J., Studies in ancient technology v (Leiden 1957) 61 ff.Google Scholar For an exception recorded on linen see Forbes iii (1965) 228.

³⁴ HP iii 8.6. Blümner (n. 25) I 268 n. 2. Forbes (n. 33) ii, 230 n. 66.

³⁵ Forbes (n. 33) 6.

³⁶ Plin. HN xxxiv 123–125. Forbes iii 230.

³⁷ Blümner i 283.

³⁸ Garlan (n. 11) 324 no. 78, lines 36–39. The syntax is not very clear; however, τεθείσης cannot but refer to the letter (ὲπιστολή) written εἰς ύμένα.

³⁹ Kalleris (n. 3) 204 f., 205.

⁴⁰ Blümner i 232 n. 1. Forbes v, 46.

⁴¹ LSJ s.v. ‘ἀαλουργής’.

⁴² Blümner i 265 n. 5: ‘die Alaun — der Weissgerberei — liefert nämlich sehr weiches Leder, und gerade diese Eigenschaft wird in der “Aluta” gerühmt.’

⁴³ Hoffmann (n. 4) 58 n. 44. Kalleris 204 n. 6.

⁴⁴ Heuzey (n. 4) 975 (καῦσις). Wuescher-Becchi (n. 4) 94 and Hoffmann (n. 4) 58 (καῦσις and καῦσος).

⁴⁵ Kalleris 205 n. 4.

⁴⁶ Kingsley 42: ‘the cap was made of wool and was comfortably worn in snow but the roll about the eyes served also as a sweat-band’.

⁴⁷ Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 13.

⁴⁸ Hoffmann (n.4) 58.

⁴⁹ Kalleris 205 nn. 5–9.

⁵⁰ Dintsis 183 n. 1.

⁵¹ Kalleris 206 nn. 2–4.

⁵² Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 13.

⁵³ LSJ s.v. ‘καῦμα’.

⁵⁴ LSJ s.v. ‘καύσων’.

⁵⁵ See above n. 44.

⁵⁶ LSJ s.v. ‘καῦσος’.

⁵⁷ LSJ s.v. ‘καῦσις’.

⁵⁸ Vitr. vii 9.

⁵⁹ Theait. 156B.

⁶⁰ LSJ s.v. ‘καυσία’. Durham, D. B., The vocabulary of Menander (Amsterdam 1969) 70Google Scholar s.v. ‘καυσία’. (The reference to Theophrastus fr. 4.35 is referring to a ‘κασία’; therefore it should be discarded from the kausia references.

⁶¹ LSJ s.v. ‘θολία’.

⁶² Forbes v 13.

⁶³ G. Seiterle, AW X.3 (1979) 6 ff. id.AW xvi.3 (1985) 3 ff. id.AntK xxvii (1984) 135 ff., 140. Blümner i 269 n. 6.

⁶⁴ For tanning techniques see Blümner i 263 ff. Since raw-hide is also attested by Dio Cassius (Forbes v 13) it could be suggested that κράνη ὠμοβόεια or ἀσπίδες ὠμοβόιναι (LSJ s.v. ‘ὠωμοβόειος’) may allude to a technique other than the one applied on the kausia.

⁶⁵ Eustathios ad Od. 1399; Kingsley 42 n. 30 translates ‘flat pilos’.

⁶⁶ Kingsley 42 n. 28.

⁶⁷ For the term as part of a helmet see Dintsis 59 n. 11. I. Βοκοτοπούλου, Στήλη. Τόμος εις μνήμην Ν. Κοντολέοντος (Athens 1978) 236 n. 32. Seiterle, G., AW xvi (1985) 5.Google Scholar As for the term as part of the kausia Philo's στεφάνη could be equated with Plautus' ‘scutula’ (Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 1178–1181).

⁶⁸ Dintsis 184 n. 12. Yet Gow-Page (n. 9) i, 37 translate the term as ‘broad-brimmed hat’. So Borza (n. 1) 130.

⁶⁹ Le Rider, G., Le monnayage d'argent et d'or de Philippe Ile (Paris 1977) 5 figs. 1–2.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Prestianni-Giallombardo, A.M., Ancient Macedonia iv (1983) 507 n. 28.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 5 ff., 10 n. 34.

⁷² Dintsis Beil. 14.

⁷³ Kingsley 39 ill. 1.

⁷⁴ Dintsis 304–312, nos. 281–301, pls. 80–83.

⁷⁵ Louvre 804: Heuzey-Daumet (n. 4) 292ff., pl. 22. Biesantz, H., Die thessalischen Grabreliefs (Mainz 1965) 27Google Scholar (K56) pl. 23.

⁷⁶ Heuzey (n.4) 975 fig. 1259.

⁷⁷ Heuzey-Daumet (n.4) 292.

⁷⁸ Dintsis 184 nn. 11–12. Perdridet, , RA iii (1904)Google Scholar and Gaebler, , ZfN xxxvii (1927) 239Google Scholar understood the kausia in rather peculiar ways.

⁷⁹ Neuffer (n. 4) 23. Schneider (n. 4) 32.

⁸⁰ Dintsis 185 n. 19.

⁸¹ Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 8 n. 29.

⁸² Brommer, F., Der Parthenonfries (Mainz 1977) 22 f.Google Scholar, no. 29 pl. 44 and 151 f. no. 17 pl. 28, respectively.

⁸³ AA 1931, 217 ff., figs. 1–3 (Karo, A.). JHS li (1931) 187Google Scholar fig. 4 (H. Payne). Hölscher (n. 4) 103 n. 530.

⁸⁴ Bieber, M., Griechische Kleidung (Berlin 1928) 71f.Google Scholar pl. xxxv.2. The angled brim is usual on Thessalian grave reliefs: Biesantz (n. 75) 16 pl. 12 and 78 f.

⁸⁵ Kraay, C. M., Archaic and Classical Greek coins (London 1976) pl. 28 no. 499.Google ScholarBrandenburg, H., Studien zur Mitra (Münster 1966) 173 f. n. 51.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Andronikos, M., BalkStud v (1964) 287 ff.Google Scholar, pls. VI.7 a VII,8. Petsas, Ph., Pella. Alexander the Great's capital (Thessaloniki 1978) 53Google Scholar fig. 14, 100 fig. 12 respectively.

⁸⁷ Ανδρόνικος (n. 8) 86 ff., fig. 49.

⁸⁸ Andronikos (n. 86) 295 pl. VII fig. 8. Petsas (n. 86) 100 fig. 12. Μακεδονία. 4000 χρόνια ελληνικής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού (Athens 1982, M. Sakellariou ed.) 183 fig. 117.

⁸⁹ Heuzey (n. 4) 975 speaks of an ‘ornement circulaire’, while Bieber (n. 84) 72 describes the device as an ‘Öse’.

⁹⁰ Andronikos (n. 86) 294 pl. VI fig. 7. Petsas (n. 86) 53 fig. 14. Φίλιππος βασιλεύς Μακεδόνων (Athens 1980 L. Loukopoulou-M. Hatzopoulos eds.) 156–159 fig. 83.

⁹¹ Χρυσ. Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη, Τα επιτάφια μνημεία απο τη Μεγάλη της Βεργίνας (Thessaloniki 1984). Ανδρόνικος (n. 8) 83 f. figs. 44–45.

⁹² Dintsis 186 n. 23, 309 f. no. 294 pl. 81,2. G. M. A. Richter, The portraits of the Greeks III (London 1965) 278 figs. 1970–71. Helbig iv (1972) 233 ff. no. 3260 (H. v. Heintze).

⁹³ Andronikos, M., BCH lxxix (1955) 87 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 71 ff. pls. 15–19.

⁹⁴ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 19 ff. pl. 4.

⁹⁵ Le Roy (n. 4) 290 n. 62 fig. 6.

⁹⁶ Louvre MA 858.

⁹⁷ Loeschke, G., JdI iii (1888) 190 pl. 7.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Hölscher (n. 4) 184 n. 1112.

⁹⁹ Loeschke (n. 97) pl. 7.

¹⁰⁰ Χρυσ. Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη, ‘Το ανάθημα του Κρατερού στους Δελφούς. Μεθοδολογικά προβλήματα αναπαράστασης, Εγνατία i (1989) 81 ff. pls. 393–397.

¹⁰¹ Dintsis 307 f. nos. 289–291 pls. 82.6, 82.1 and 81.1, respectively.

¹⁰² Dintsis 186 n. 23, 309 f. no. 294 pl. 81,2.

¹⁰³ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 152 ff. pls. 42–43.

¹⁰⁴ Helbig iv (1972) 235 ff. no. 3260 (H. v. Heintze).

¹⁰⁵ Dintsis nos. 281–290, 293–295, 297–301.

¹⁰⁶ Dintsis 184 f., nos. 291–292, 296.

¹⁰⁷ Dintsis 309 no. 292 pl. 81.3.

¹⁰⁸ Netoliczka (n. 4) 92.

¹⁰⁹ Heuzey (n. 4) 976.

¹¹⁰ Dintsis 57 ff. id.Ancient Macedonia iv (1983–1986) 171 ff. Lumpkin, H., ‘The Weapons and Armour of the Macedonian Phalanx’, The Journal of the Arms and Armour Society viii (1975) 195 f.Google Scholar (I owe the quotation to Dr. P. Faklaris).

¹¹¹ Dintsis 57 n. 2. Feyel, M., RA vi (1935), 29 ff.Google Scholar

¹¹² Dintsis 57 nn. 3–4. Homolle, T., BCH vi (1882) 35.56Google Scholar, 37.75–76.

¹¹³ Dintsis 186 n. 21 no. 291 pl. 81.1 and 186 no. 296 pl. 80.6.

¹¹⁴ Netoliczka (n. 4) 92 and 89, respectively.

¹¹⁵ Schneider (n. 4) 32.

¹¹⁶ Wuescher-Becchi (n. 4) 104. Dintsis 185 n. 17.

¹¹⁷ Dintsis 185 n. 18.

¹¹⁸ Dintsis 185 n. 19.

¹¹⁹ Dintsis 185, 192 n. 65, 30 no. 293 pl. 83,1. Dr. Pan. Faklaris, AD xl, 1985 (1991) I ff., especially 7f., has recently suggested the interpretation of this specific gear not as a kausia, but as a gorget (περιτραχήλιον).

¹²⁰ Le Roy (n. 4) 290 nn. 63–65. Le Rider (n. 69) 5 n.1; 122 f., Pl. 44.31–32. (See below n. 150).

¹²¹ Π.Α.Πάντος, Τα σφραγίσματα της Αιτωλικής Καλλιπόλεως (Athens 1985) pl. 35 no. 258, pl. 37 no. 263, pl. 41 no. 283.

¹²² Kyrieleis, H., ‘Die makedonische Kausia auf spätptolemaischen Siegeln’, Ancient Macedonia iv (1983 — oral presentation).Google Scholar I am indebted to Prof. Kyrieleis for putting his draft at my disposal. A very well preserved sealing from Kifrin on the Euphrates is depicted in La Terra tra i due fiumi. Venti anni di archaeologia italiana. La Mesopotamia dei tesori (Turin 1985) 176.1 no. 104. (The quotation I owe to Prof. Kyrieleis).

¹²³ Dintsis 307 no. 287 pl. 80,4.

¹²⁴ Fittschen, K., ‘Zum Figurenfries der Villa von Boscoreale’, Neue Forschungen in Pompeji (Recklinghausen 1975, Andreae, B.—Kyrieleis, H. eds.) 93–100.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ Studniczka, E., Jdl xxxviii/xxxix (1923/1924) 68 ff.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Simon, E., ‘Die Fürstenbilder von Boscoreale’ DBAW vii (1958)Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Robertson, M., JRS xlv/xlvi (1955/1956) 61.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Barnabei, F., La villa pompeiana di P. Fannio Sinistore (Roma 1901) 51 ff.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Lehmann, Ph., Roman Wall Paintings from Boscoreale in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Cambridge, Mass. 1953) 31 ff.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ Sjöquist, E., AJA lix (1955) 45 ff. pl. 31.a-d.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³¹ Pfuhl, E., MuZ ii (1923) 879.Google Scholar

¹³² Bieber, M.—Bothmer, D. v., AJA lx (1956) 171 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Brandenburg (n. 85) 171: ‘ein flacher Hut mit breit überstehendem Rand, der unseren Matrosenmutzen nicht unähnlich ist’.

¹³³ Fittschen (n.124) 93 ff.

¹³⁴ Plaut. Trin.851: ‘pol hic quidem fungino generest’.

¹³⁵ Studniczka (n. 125) 71 n. 5.

¹³⁶ Studniczka (n. 125) 72 n. 7, 73 n. 1. Thompson (n. 4) 53 f., nn. 134, 136–137.-Brandenburg (n. 85) 170 n. 42. Simon (n. 126) 15 n. 7. Bieber-v. Bothmer (n. 132) 171 interpret the ends of the Boscoreale ‘diadem’ or ‘mitra’ as ‘long lappets, which can serve as earmuffs’.

¹³⁷ Andronikos, M., AAA xiii.1 (1980) 177 ff.Google ScholarLehmann, Ph., AAA xiv.1 (1981) 134 ff.Google Scholar Cp. Ritter, H.W., ‘Zum sogenannten diadem des Philippsgrabes’ AA 1984, 105 ff. 140.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ Dintsis 311 no. 299, pl.82,3.

¹³⁹ Thompson (n. 4) 53 n. 132. Richter, G. M. A., Catalogue of Greek Sculpture. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York 1954) 32 f.Google Scholar no. 40 pl XL.a-e, interprets it as a partly preserved petasos.

¹⁴⁰ Kingsley 39 ill. 1.

¹⁴¹ Kingsley 42 n. 21 pl. 6 fig. 3. Thompson (n. 4) 53 ff., 54 n. 143, pls. xvi, lxi.

¹⁴² Thompson (n. 4) 54 n. 142.

¹⁴³ Thompson (n. 4) 53 nn. 131–132.

¹⁴⁴ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 65ff., pl. 14.

¹⁴⁵ Ανδρόνικος (n. 8) 100 ff., figs. 58–63. Αμητός. Τιμητικός τόμος για τον καθηγητή Μανόλη Ανδρόνικο i (Thessaloniki 1987) pl. 1. (Reconstructed by G. Miltsakakis). The publication of the fresco is undertaken by the author of this article.

¹⁴⁶ Atalante is depicted wearing a similar cap on a lost Pompeian painting: Schefold, K., Vergessenes Pompeji (Bern 1962) 167 pl. 59Google Scholar, 1, while on another scene with Meleager and Atalante, one of the watchers wears a similar cap: Le collezioni del Museo di Napoli (Rome 1986) 135 no. 82 Inv. 8980.

¹⁴⁷ Dintsis 305 f. no. 284 pl. 83,2. Fehr, B., Bathron. Beiträge für H. Drerup (1988) 121–134.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Rumpf, A., MDAI(A) lxxvii (1962) 229 ff.Google Scholar, mainly 238. Hölscher (n. 4) 135 nn. 799, 801.

¹⁴⁹ Hölscher 135 (Rekonstruktionsskizze).

¹⁵⁰ Le Rider (n. 69) 122 f. pl. 44, 31–32.

¹⁵¹ Arr. vii 22.2. Dintsis 187 n. 31. Brandenburg (n. 85) 171 ff. (n. 45). Kingsley, B.M., AJA lxxxviii (1984) 66–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar suggests that the kausia diadematophoros acquired ‘Dionysiac connotations in Northern Asia’. Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 12 has seen in the kausia diadematophoros a symbol ‘della-regalità di un Elleno sul regno di Dario’.

¹⁵² Dintsis 306 no. 286 pl. 83,3.

¹⁵³ Shivkova, L., Das Grabmal von Kazanlak (Recklinghausen 1973) 49 fig. 14.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ Dintsis 192: ‘ihre Form an die Kausia erinnert und möglicherweise von ihr beeinflusst wurde’.

¹⁵⁵ Hölscher 145 ff., 158 f., 163 n. 999, 170 ff.

¹⁵⁶ Dintsis 304 no. 281 pl. 80,2. Le Rider (n. 69) 5. Brandenburg (n. 85) 173 n. 50. Dintsis 305 no. 283 pl. 82,2; Le Roy (n. 4) 290 n. 63 figs. 7–8.

¹⁵⁷ Dintsis 311 no. 298 pl. 82,4.

¹⁵⁸ Dintsis 311 f. no. 299 pl. 82,3.

¹⁵⁹ Dintsis 311 no. 297 pl. 82,5.

¹⁶⁰ Dintsis 310 no. 295 pl. 80, 3.5.

¹⁶¹ Dintsis 192 f.

¹⁶² Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 13.

¹⁶³ Friedricksmeyer (n. 4) 219 ff.

¹⁶⁴ Friedricksmeyer 216 f.

¹⁶⁵ Friedricksmeyer 222 f.

¹⁶⁶ Friedricksmeyer 223.

¹⁶⁷ Friedricksmeyer 220.

¹⁶⁸ Friedricksmeyer 220 f.

¹⁶⁹ Friedricksmeyer 219.

¹⁷⁰ Friedricksmeyer 222.

¹⁷¹ Friedricksmeyer 223 f.

¹⁷² Berve, H., Das Alexanderreich auf prosopographgrcher Grundlage ii (Munich 1926) 188 f.Google Scholar no. 397 (s.v. ‘Κάλας’) and 220 ff. no. 446 (s.v. ‘Κρατερός’).

¹⁷³ Berve 288 ff. no. 583 (s.v. Ὀνησίκρητος).

¹⁷⁴ Hammond, N.G.L.—Griffith, G.T., A history of Macedonia ii (Oxford 1979) 159Google Scholar: ‘commanders’; 461: ‘brigadiers’; 671: ‘highest officers’. Berve (n. 172) i 202, 211.

¹⁷⁵ ἠγεμονικοί may be equated with βασιλικοί referring to the king's own ‘hypaspists’: Hammond-Griffith (n. 174) 416 n. 1.

¹⁷⁶ Berve (n. 172) I 37 ff. Hammond-Griffith 401 f. Borza (n. 1) 249 f.

¹⁷⁷ Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 9 ff.

¹⁷⁸ Hölscher (n. 4) 136 n. 804 (‘hypaspist’). Dintsis 194 nn. 74–75 (‘somatophylakes’). Studniczka (n. 125) 71 and Simon (n. 126) 16. (‘argyraspist’).

¹⁷⁹ Berve (n. 172) i, 37–39. Hammond-Griffith (n. 174) 415–418.

¹⁸⁰ Hammond-Griffith (n. 174) 401.

¹⁸¹ Hammond-Griffith (n. 174) 402. Borza (n. 1) 249 sees the formation of a ‘corps of Royal Pages’ as an orientalizing tendency of Philip's policy. But Hammond-Griffith (n. 174) 168 n. 1, 401 associate the institution with Archelaos. For a detailed discussion of the institution and its evolution, see now Hammond, N.G.L., Historia xxxix (1990) 260 ff.Google Scholar, esp. 271.

¹⁸² Hammond-Griffith 401 f., n. 3.

¹⁸³ Berve i 37.

¹⁸⁴ Dintsis 194 f.

¹⁸⁵ v. Graeve (n. 12) 87 n. 28.

¹⁸⁶ Kähler, H., ‘Der Fries vom Reiterdenkmal des Aemilius Paulus in Delphi’, Monumenta artis Romanae v (1965).Google ScholarValcano, O. v., Bathron. Beiträge für H. Drerup (Recklinghausen 1988) 375 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁷ Ανδρόνικος (n. 8) 114.

¹⁸⁸ Kyrieleis (n. 122).

¹⁸⁹ Le Rider (n. 69) 364 f., nn. 10–14.

¹⁹⁰ Dintsis 190 n. 57.

¹⁹¹ Dintsis 192.

¹⁹² Berve i 25.

¹⁹³ Kingsley 45.

¹⁹⁴ Kalleris 106. Dintsis 188 nn. 39–41.

¹⁹⁵ Thompson (n. 4) 54 nn. 140–142.

¹⁹⁶ Kingsley 39 ff.

¹⁹⁷ Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 3.

¹⁹⁸ Cp. Kinglsey 41 f. n. 25.

¹⁹⁹ Friedricksmeyer 219 ff.

²⁰⁰ Andronikos, Man., ‘Argumentum e silentio’, AAA xxiii (1980) 360–365.Google Scholar The discovery of a new Macedonian tomb at Vergina, dated according to the sherds of a Panathenaic amphora, to a little after 344 BC, proves that Ph. Lehmann's main argument against the attribution of ‘Philip's tomb’ to Philip II, is of no value anymore. See Praktika 1987 (1991) 128 ff., esp. 131 (M. Andronikos).

²⁰¹ LSJ s.v. ‘πέτασος’.

²⁰² I am deeply indebted to Dr. J. Vinogradov for his kind invitation to publish the sherd.

²⁰³ Kingsley 42 n. 28.

²⁰⁴ Borza (n. 1) 44.

²⁰⁵ Kingsley 40 n. 7.

²⁰⁶ Kingsley 46.

²⁰⁷ Friedricksmeyer 226.

²⁰⁸ Kingsley 45 n. 59.

²⁰⁹ Prestianni-Giallombardo (n. 7) 11 n. 36 disputes Le Rider's argumentation on the chronology of these coins in the early years of Philip's reign, Le Rider (n. 69) 387 f., 428 f., which she prefers to date as posthumous issues. That the tomb cannot be dated later than the third quarter of the 4th century BC, as already suggested by its excavator, has been recently ascertained, thanks to the study of the ceramics found immediately over the structure: Dr. Drougou dates tham to the third quarter of the century. The publication of her study will hopefully put an end to the long controversy about the date of the tomb and the person for whom it was made.

²¹⁰ Friedricksmeyer 223. Kinglsey, B.M., ‘The kausia diadematophoros’, AJA lxxxviii (1984) 68 n. 23.Google Scholar Kalleris i 275 f., 276 n. 1.

²¹¹ Kingsley 45 n. 54. Kingsley (n. 210) 68.

²¹² Heuzey, L., Histoire de la costume antique (Paris 1922) 133 ff.Google Scholar

²¹³ Plut. Alex. 26.5: ‘κυκλοτερῆ κόλπον ἦγον, οὐ τὴν ἐντὸς περιφέρειαν εὐθεῖαι βάσεις ὥσπερ ἀπο κρασπέδων τὸ σχῆμα χλαμύδος ὑπελάμβανον, ἐξ ἴσου συνάγουσαι τὸ μέγεθος’; Strabo xvii 793; Plin. v 62. Kalleris i 275 n. 4. Friedricksmeyer 225 n. 39.

²¹⁴ Lattimore, St.. ‘The chlamys of Daochos I’, AJA lxxix (1975) 87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²¹⁵ Kingsley (n. 210) 67 f.

²¹⁶ Kingsley (n. 210) 68 n. 23.

²¹⁷ Kingsley (n. 210) 67 f. n. 22.

²¹⁸ Friedricksmeyer 225 f., 226 n. 41.

²¹⁹ LSJ s.v. ‘συντέμνω’. Kingsley (n. 210) 67 n.20: ‘I have translated “adapting” because I am not sure whether the robes were recut, trimmed, shortened, or simply pinned on the right shoulder, Greek style’. Friedricksmeyer 224 n. 32.

²²⁰ Friedricksmeyer 225 f.

²²¹ Lattimore (n. 214) 87–88 n. 21.

²²² Friedricksmeyer 225 n. 37. H.L. Schanz, Greek sculptural groups. Archaic and Classical (New York 1980) 21 f., 22 f., nn. 37–38.

²²³ Lattimore (n. 214) 87 n. 13.

²²⁴ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 55 ff. no. 4 pls. 12–15; 65 ff. no.5 pl. 14.

²²⁵ Lattimore (n. 214) 87, 88 n. 16.

²²⁶ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 95 f.

²²⁷ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 55 ff. no. 4 pls. 12–13.

²²⁸ Andronikos, M., BCH lxxix (1955) 87 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 71 ff. no. 6 pls. 15–19.

²²⁹ Biesantz (n. 75) pl. 10 (K 19), pl. 12 (K 8), pl. 13 (K 28), pl. 15 (K 33).

²³⁰ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 155 ff., pls. 42–43.

²³¹ See above n. 209.

²³² v. Graeve (n. 12) 85 n. 12 pls. 39 (B6) and 40 (B7).

²³³ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 19 ff. pl. 4.

²³⁴ Biesantz (n. 75) pl. 12 (K 20).

²³⁵ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 24 f.

²³⁶ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) 21 nn. 62–64.

²³⁷ The semi-circular chlamys is seen as a ‘new version’ of the Thessalian rectangular one, introduced by Philip II, according to Bieber (n. 84) 69. Friedricksmeyer 224: ‘We do not know when the new version was first introduced.’ But, he is sure (226 n. 41) that it was anyway a Macedonian invention existing or (less probably) conceived during their campaign to the east.

²³⁸ Bieber (v. 84) pls. 64.6 and 35.2. Morrow, K. D., Greek footwear and the dating of Greek sculpture (Madison, WI 1985)Google Scholar s.v. ‘krepides’ (passim).

²³⁹ Kalleris (n. 3) i 226 f. s.v. ‘κρηπίς’.

²⁴⁰ Σαατσόγλου–Παλιαδέλη (n. 91) no. 4 pls. 12–13; no. 6 pls. 15–20; no. 12 pls. 31–32; no. 20 pl. 43.

²⁴¹ Andronikos (n. 8) figs. 58, 63, 66, 68.

²⁴² Kingsley (n. 209) 68 n. 25.