1 Frederick Cooper, ‘Modernizing bureaucrats, backward Africans, and the development concept’, in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard, eds., International development and the social sciences: essays on the history and politics of knowledge, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997, pp. 64–92; Cooper, ‘Writing the history of development’, Journal of Modern European History, 8, 1, 2010, pp. 5–23.

2 On American social science, see Ross, Dorothy, The origins of American social science, The origins of American social science: Cambridge University Press, 1991Google Scholar; and Purcell, Edward A. Jr, The crisis of democratic theory: scientific naturalism and the problem of value, The crisis of democratic theory: scientific naturalism and the problem of value: University Press of Kentucky, 1973Google Scholar.

3 Berman, Edward H., The ideology of philanthropy: the influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American foreign policy, The ideology of philanthropy: the influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American foreign policy: State University of New York Press, 1983, ch. 1.Google Scholar The term ‘Third World’ dates only to Alfred Sauvy, ‘Trois mondes, une planète’, L’observateur, 118, 14 August 1952, p. 5.

4 Gilman, Nils, Mandarins of the future: modernization theory in Cold War America, Mandarins of the future: modernization theory in Cold War America: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003Google Scholar; Howard Brick, Transcending capitalism: visions of a new society in modern American thought, Transcending capitalism: visions of a new society in modern American thought: Cornell University Press, 2006; Bender, Thomas, Community and social change in America, Community and social change in America: Rutgers University Press, 1978.Google Scholar

5 Nick Cullather, ‘The foreign policy of the calorie’, American Historical Review, 112, 2, 2007, pp. 337–64.

6 Connelly, Matthew, Fatal misconception: the struggle to control world population, Fatal misconception: the struggle to control world population: Harvard University Press, 2008, chs. 1–2.Google Scholar

7 For citations, see David C. Engerman, ‘American knowledge and global power’, Diplomatic History, 31, 4, 2007, pp. 613–15.

8 See also Mitchell, Timothy, Rule of experts: Egypt, techno-politics, modernity, Rule of experts: Egypt, techno-politics, modernity: University of California Press, 2002, pt. 3.Google Scholar

9 Simon Kuznets, ‘National income’, in Seligman, Edwin R. A., ed., Encyclopedia of the social sciences, Encyclopedia of the social sciences: Macmillan, 1937, vol. 11, pp. 205–24Google Scholar.

10 Clark, Colin, The conditions of economic progress, The conditions of economic progress: Macmillan, 1940, pp. 1–2Google Scholar.

11 Amy Staples, The birth of development: how the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization changed the world, 1945–1965, The birth of development: how the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization changed the world, 1945–1965: Kent State University Press, 2006, p. 79.

12 The term ‘anti-politics’ comes from James Ferguson, The anti-politics machine: ‘development’, depoliticization, and bureaucratic power in Lesotho, The anti-politics machine: ‘development’, depoliticization, and bureaucratic power in Lesotho: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. See also Charles S. Maier, ‘The politics of productivity: foundations of American international economic policy after World War II’, International Organization, 77, 3, 1977, pp. 607–33; and idem, ‘The two postwar eras and the conditions for stability in twentieth-century western Europe’, American Historical Review, 86, 2, 1981, pp. 327–52.

13 Partha Chatterjee, ‘Development planning and the Indian state’, in Terence J. Byres, ed., The state, development planning, and liberalisation in India, The state, development planning, and liberalisation in India: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 51–72; Sugata Bose, ‘Instruments and idioms of colonial and national development: India’s historical experience in comparative perspective’, in Cooper and Packard, International development, pp. 45–63.

14 Connelly, Fatal misconception, Fatal misconception: America’s Cold War battle against poverty in Asia, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.

15 Words from Geir Lundestad, ‘“Empire by invitation”? The United States and western Europe, 1945–1952’, Journal of Peace Research, 23, 3, 1986, pp. 263–77.

16 Details in Rudra, Ashok, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis: a biography, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis: a biography: Oxford University Press, 1997Google Scholar.

17 Galbraith, John Kenneth, A life in our times: memoirs, A life in our times: memoirs: Houghton Mifflin, 1981, pp. 323–8, 346–7Google Scholar.

18 Boden, Ragna, Die Grenzen der Weltmacht: Sowjetische Indonesienpolitik von Stalin bis Brežnev, Die Grenzen der Weltmacht: Sowjetische Indonesienpolitik von Stalin bis Brežnev: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006, ch. 2.5Google Scholar.

19 See also Connelly, Fatal misconception, Fatal misconception: the population control movement and the problem of sovereignty’, Past & Present, 193, 2006, pp. 197–233.

20 Sen, Amartya, Poverty and famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation, Poverty and famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, On economic inequality, On economic inequality: Clarendon Press, 1973.

21 Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, Martha, Rules for the world: international organizations and global politics, Rules for the world: international organizations and global politics: NY: Cornell University Press, 2004Google Scholar. Political scientists have been exploring such embedded ideas in collections such as Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Ideas and foreign policy: beliefs, institutions, and political change, Ideas and foreign policy: beliefs, institutions, and political change: Cornell University Press, 1993; and Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The culture of national security: norms and identity in world politics, The culture of national security: norms and identity in world politics: Columbia University Press, 1996.

22 He explores some of these issues in Alacevich, Michele, The political economy of the World Bank: the early years, The political economy of the World Bank: the early years: Stanford University Press, 2009, ch. 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Nick Cullather, ‘The third race’, Diplomatic History, Diplomatic History: authoritarian development and US–Indonesian relations, 1960–1968, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.

24 For citations to scattered scholarship new and old, see David C. Engerman, ‘The second world’s third world’, Kritika, Kritika: neue Forschungsperspektiven auf eine vermeintlich hermetisch abgeschottete Gesellschaft’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 59, 3, 2010, pp. 381–99.

25 Malenbaum, Wilfred, East and west in India’s development, East and west in India’s development: National Planning Association, 1959Google Scholar. N. S. Khrushchev, ‘Rech’ na torzhestvennom grazhdanskom prieme v Deli (12-go Fevrial’ia 1960 g.) (Speech at the Grand Civic Reception in Delhi (12 February 1960))’, in N. S. Khrushchev, O vneshnei politike Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1960 god (On the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, 1960), O vneshnei politike Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1960 god (On the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, 1960): Gospolizdat, 1960, p. 88.