Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-cjp7w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-19T11:43:17.091Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Asset Pricing Models with Conditional Betas and Alphas: The Effects of Data Snooping and Spurious Regression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Abstract

This paper studies the estimation of asset pricing model regressions with conditional alphas and betas, focusing on the joint effects of data snooping and spurious regression. We find that the regressions are reasonably well specified for conditional betas, even in settings where simple predictive regressions are severely biased. However, there are biases in estimates of the conditional alphas. When time-varying alphas are suppressed and only time-varying betas are considered, the betas become biased. Previous studies overstate the significance of time-varying alphas.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © School of Business Administration, University of Washington 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amihud, Y., and Hurvich, C. M.Predictive Regressions: A Reduced-Bias Estimation Method.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 39 (2004), 813841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, A., and Bekaert, G.. “Stock Return Predictability: Is It There?Review of Financial Studies, 20 (2007), 651707.Google Scholar
Bekaert, G.; Hodrick, R.; and Marshall, D.. “On Biases in Tests of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics, 44 (1997), 309348.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, J., and Giorgianni, L.Long-Horizon Exchange Rate Predictability.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 83 (1996), 8191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boudoukh, J., and Richardson, M.The Statistics of Long-Horizon Regressions.” Mathematical Finance, 4 (1994), 103120.Google Scholar
Boudoukh, J.; Richardson, M. P.; and Whitelaw, R. F.The Myth of Long-Horizon Predictability.” Working Paper, New York University (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. Y., and Shiller, R.. “The Dividend Ratio and Small Sample Bias.” Economics Letters, 29 (1988), 325331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. Y., and Yogo, M.. “Efficient Tests of Stock Return Predictability.” Journal of Financial Economics, 81 (2006), 2760.Google Scholar
Chan, C. K., and Chen, N. F.. “An Unconditional Asset Pricing Test and the Role of Size as an Instrumental Variable for Risk.” Journal of Finance, 43 (1988), 309325.Google Scholar
Chapman, D. A.; Simin, T.; and Yan, H.. “Stock Returns and Dividend Yields: Some New Evidence.” Working Paper, Pennsylvania State University (2003).Google Scholar
Christopherson, J. A.; Ferson, W.; and Glassman, D.Conditioning Manager Alpha on Economic Information: Another Look at the Persistence of Performance.” Review of Financial Studies, 11 (1998), 111142.Google Scholar
Cochrane, J. H.A Cross-Sectional Test of an Investment-Based Asset Pricing Model.” Journal of Political Economy, 104 (1996), 572621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, J.; Cooper, M.; and Kaul, G.. “Value Versus Glamour.” Journal of Finance, 58 (2003), 19691995.Google Scholar
Conrad, J., and Kaul, G.. “Time-Variation in Expected Returns.” Journal of Business, 61 (1988), 409425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fama, E. F.; Fisher, L.; Jensen, M. C.; and Roll, R.. “The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information.” International Economic Review, 10 (1969), 121.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and French, K. R.. “Permanent and Temporary Components of Stock Prices.” Journal of Political Economy, 96 (1988), 246273.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and French, K. R.. “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds.” Journal of Financial Economics, 33 (1993), 356.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and French, K. R.. “Multifactor Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies.” Journal of Finance, 51 (1996), 5587.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F., and French, K. R.. “Industry Cost of Equity.” Journal of Financial Economics, 43 (1997), 153194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferson, W. E., and Harvey, C. R.. “The Fundamental Determinants of International Equity Returns: A Perspective on Country Risk and Asset Pricing.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 21 (1997), 16251665.Google Scholar
Ferson, W. E., and Harvey, C. R.. “Conditioning Variables and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 13251360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferson, W. E.; Heuson, A.; and Su, T.. “Weak and Semi-Strong Form Predictability Revisited.” Management Science, 51 (2005), 15821592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferson, W. E., and Korajczyk, R.. “Do Arbitrage Pricing Models Explain the Predictability of Stock Returns?Journal of Business, 68 (1995), 309349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferson, W. E.; Sarkissian, S.; and Simin, T.. “The Alpha Factor Asset Pricing Model: A Parable.” Journal of Financial Markets, 2 (1999), 4968.Google Scholar
Ferson, W. E.; Sarkissian, S.; and Simin, T.. “Spurious Regressions in Financial Economics?Journal of Finance, 58 (2003), 13931414.Google Scholar
Ferson, W. E., and Schadt, R.. “Measuring Fund Strategy and Performance in Changing Economic Conditions.” Journal of Finance, 51 (1996), 425462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, F. D.; Smith, T.; and Whaley, R. E.. “Assessing Goodness-of-Fit of Asset Pricing Models: The Distribution of the Maximal R-Squared.” Journal of Finance, 52 (1997), 591607.Google Scholar
Gibbons, M. R., and Ferson, W. E.. “Testing Asset Pricing Models with Changing Expectations and an Unobservable Market Portfolio.” Journal of Financial Economics, 14 (1985), 216236.Google Scholar
Goetzmann, W., and Jorion, P.. “Testing the Predictive Power of Dividend Yields.” Journal of Finance, 48 (1993), 663679.Google Scholar
Granger, C. W. J.; Hyung, N.; and Jeon, Y.. “Spurious Regressions with Stationary Series.” Applied Economics, 33 (2001), 899904.Google Scholar
Granger, C. W. J., and Newbold, P.. “Spurious Regressions in Economics.” Journal of Econometrics, 4 (1974), 111120.Google Scholar
Hastie, T.; Tibshirani, R.; and Friedman, J.. The Elements of Statistical Learning. New York, NY: Springer (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huberman, G., and Kandel, S.. “Market Efficiency and Value Line's Record.” Journal of Business, 63 (1990), 187216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jagannathan, R., and Wang, Z.. “The Conditional CAPM and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns.” Journal of Finance, 51 (1996), 354.Google Scholar
Jansson, M., and Moreira, M. J.. “Optimal Inference in Regression Models with Nearly Integrated Regressors.” Econometrica, 74 (2006), 681714.Google Scholar
Kim, M. J.; Nelson, C. R.; and Startz, R.. “Mean Reversion in Stock Prices? A Reappraisal of the Empirical Evidence.” Review of Financial Studies, 58 (1991), 515528.Google Scholar
Lanne, M.Testing the Predictability of Stock Returns.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 84 (2002), 407415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leamer, E. E.Specification Searches: Ad Hoc Inference with Nonexperimental Data. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons (1978).Google Scholar
Lettau, M., and Ludvigson, S.. “Consumption, Aggregate Wealth and Expected Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance, 56 (2001), 815849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewellen, J.Predicting Returns with Financial Ratios.” Journal of Financial Economics, 74 (2004), 209235.Google Scholar
Lo, A. W., and MacKinlay, A. C.. “Stock Prices Do Not Follow Random Walks: Evidence From a New Specification Test.” Review of Financial Studies, 1 (1988), 4166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lo, A. W., and MacKinlay, A. C.. “Data Snooping in Tests of Financial Asset Pricing Models.” Review of Financial Studies, 3 (1990), 431467.Google Scholar
Maddala, G. S.Econometrics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill (1977).Google Scholar
Marmol, F.Spurious Regression Theory with Non-Stationary Fractionally Integrated Processes.” Journal of Econometrics, 84 (1998), 233250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, R. C.An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model.” Econometrica, 41 (1973), 867887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, C. R., and Kim, M. J.. “Predictable Stock Returns: The Role of Small Sample Bias.” Journal of Finance, 48 (1993), 641661.Google Scholar
Newey, W. K., and West, K. D.. “A Simple, Positive Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix.” Econometrica, 55 (1987), 703708.Google Scholar
Petkova, R., and Zhang, L.. “Is Value Riskier Than Growth?Journal of Financial Economics, 78 (2005), 187202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paye, B. S.Do Macroeconomic Variables Predict Aggregate Stock Market Volatility?” Working Paper, Rice University (2006).Google Scholar
Phillips, P. C. B.Understanding Spurious Regressions in Econometrics.” Journal of Econometrics, 33 (1986), 311340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, P. C. B.New Tools for Understanding Spurious Regressions.” Econometrica, 66 (1998), 12991326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, P. C. B.Bootstrapping Spurious Regressions.” Working Paper, Yale University (2001).Google Scholar
Powell, J. G.; Shi, J.; Smith, T.; and Whaley, R. E.. “Political Regimes, Business Cycles, Seasonalities, and Returns.” Working Paper, Australian National University (2006).Google Scholar
Shanken, J.Intertemporal Asset Pricing: An Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Econometrics, 45 (1990), 99120.Google Scholar
Sharpe, W. F.Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk.” Journal of Finance, 19 (1964), 425442.Google Scholar
Stambaugh, R. S.Predictive Regressions.” Journal of Financial Economics, 54 (1999), 315421.Google Scholar
Torous, W.; Valkanov, R.; and Yan, S.. “On Predicting Stock Returns with Nearly Integrated Explanatory Variables.” Journal of Business, 7 (2005), 937966.Google Scholar
W.-J., Tsay, and Chung, C.-F.. “The Spurious Regression of Fractionally Integrated Processes.” Journal of Econometrics, 96 (2000), 155182.Google Scholar
Valkanov, R.Long-Horizon Regressions: Theoretical Results and Applications.” Journal of Financial Economics, 68 (2003), 201232.Google Scholar
White, H.A Reality Check for Data Snooping.” Econometrica, 68 (2000), 10971126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yule, G. U.Why Do We Sometimes Get Nonsense Correlations between Time Series? A Study in Sampling and the Nature of Time Series.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 89 (1926), 164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar