Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-5wvtr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T20:20:29.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Labor Market and the American High School Girl 1890–1928

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Susan B. Carter
Affiliation:
Departments of Economics, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063
Mark Prus
Affiliation:
Departments of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112

Abstract

Girls far outnumbered boys in American high schools at the turn of the century. Despite the fact that women on average spent far fewer years than men in the paid labor force, we argue that a high school education was a better investment for girls than for boys. This was because formal education offered the only opportunity for girls to obtain job-related skills, whereas it was but one of many such opportunities for boys.

Type
Papers Presented at the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Economic History Association
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Wolfe, Lillian, “How and Why I Chose My First Job,” The Bryn Mawr Daisy (07 8, 1922), mimeographed (Hilda Smith Papers)Google Scholar, no pagination as quoted in Tentler, Leslie Woodcock, Wage Earning Women (New York, 1979), p. 102.Google Scholar

2 Tentler, Wage Earning Women, p. 103.Google Scholar

3 Ibid., p. 102.

4 SeeLloyd, Cynthia B. and Niemi, Beth T., The Economics of Sex Differentials (New York, 1979), pp. 109–22.Google Scholar

5 See Madden, Janice, “The Economic Rationale for Sex Differences in Education,” Southern Economic Journal, 44 (04 1978), 778–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 Blau, Francine and Hendricks, Wallace, “Occupational Segregation by Sex: Trends and Prospects,” Journal of Human Resources, 14 (Spring, 1979), 197210.Google Scholar

7 Anderson, H. Dewey and Davidson, Percy E.. Occupational Trends in the United Stales (Stanford, 1940), pp. 1819.Google Scholar

8 U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, “Employees and Wages” (Washington, D.C., 1904).Google Scholar

9 U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Education, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1900 (Washington, D.C., 1901).Google Scholar

10 This motive seems to have been growing in importance around the turn of the century, especially as mechanics' skills became more homogeneous across industries. See Weyl, Walter E. and Sakolski, A. M., “Conditions of Entrance to the Principal Trades,” U. S. Bureau of Labor, Bulletin 67 (Washington, D.C., 1906).Google Scholar

11 Carter, Michael J., “Behind the Backs of the Producer: The Determinants of Relative Wage Structures,” unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation (Stanford University, 1981).Google Scholar

12 See Massachusetts Commission on Industrial and Technical Education. “What the Value of the Years from Fourteen to Sixteen Might Be for Boys,” in its Report, 1906. (New York, 1906), pp.5769.Google ScholarPubMed

13 See Barnett, George E., The Printers (New York, 1909).Google Scholar

14 Twelfth Census.Google Scholar

16 Kingsbury, Susan M. and Allinson, May, “A Trade School for Girls,” U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Education, Bulletin 1913, No. 17 (Washington, D.C., 1913), pp. 12, 39.Google Scholar

17 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education… 1900.Google Scholar

18 Elyce Rotella calculated that women's clerical wages were an average of 1.8 times women's wages in manufacturing jobs in the same city in 1890 and 1.3 times in 1930. See Rotella, Elyce J., From Home to Office: U. S. Women at Work, 1870–1930 (Ann Arbor, 1981), pp. 158–59.Google Scholar

19 For corroborative evidence see Aldrich, Mark and Albelda, Randy, “Determinants of Working Women's Wages During the Progressive Era,” Explorations in Economic History, 17 (10 1980), p. 326Google Scholar, and Goldin, Claudia, “The Historical Evolution of Female Earnings Functions and Occupations,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 529. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 08 1980), pp. 6, 12.Google Scholar

20 See Austin, F. P., “What High School Graduates Do,” Journal of Education (03 28, 1907), p. 355.Google Scholar