Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pjpqr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-26T03:26:09.828Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

To Go or Not to Go: South and North Korea's Nuclear Decisions in Comparative Context1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2016

Jacques E. C. Hymans ,
Seung-Young Kim  and
Henning Riecke
Jacques E. C. Hymans
Affiliation:
Harvard University
Seung-Young Kim
Affiliation:
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
Henning Riecke
Affiliation:
Weatherhead Center for International Affairs
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Ever since the destruction of Hiroshima in 1945, states all over the world have been faced with the issue of whether or not to acquire the ‘absolute weapon’ for themselves. The question of ‘going nuclear’ has been especially acute on the Korean peninsula, with its history of conflict, division and great power meddling. Has any one of the two Koreas, or both, ever attempted to acquire nuclear weapons? Did either of them decide to abandon that quest? If so, when and why? These are the questions that motivate this paper.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of East Asian Studies , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , February 2001 , pp. 91 - 153
Copyright
Copyright © East Asia Institute 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, Itty. 1998. The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Albright, David, Berkhout, Frans and Walker, William. 1997. Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium: World Inventories, Capabilities, Policies. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Allison, Graham T. et al. 1996. Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy: Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear Weapons and Fissile Material. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
An, Tai Sung. 1992. The Rise and Decline of North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program. Korea and World Affairs 16 (Winter): 670–684.Google Scholar
Betts, Richard K. 1993. Paranoids, Pygmies, Pariahs, and Nonproliferation Revisited. In The Proliferation Puzzle: Why Nuclear Weapons Spread, edited by Davis, Zachary S. and Frankel, Benjamin. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Blix, Hans. 1996. The Problem of Non-Proliferation: Past, Present, and Future. In Nuclear Rivalry and International Order, edited by Gjelstad, Jorn and Njolstad, Olav. 125–133. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Bracken, Paul. 1993. Nuclear Weapons and State Survival in North Korea. Survival 35 (Autumn): 137–153 (145–147).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunn, George. 1999. The Status of Norms Against Nuclear Testing. The Nonproliferation Review 6(2): 20–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chee, Choung Il. 1985. South Korea. In Non-Proliferation: the Why and the Wherefore, edited by Goldblat, Jozef. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Chi, Tai-Nam. 1992. Das Herrschaftssystem Nordkoreas unter besonderer Beruksichtigung der Wiedervereinigungsproblematik (The Government System of North Korea with Special Reference to the Problems of Unification). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Cho, Gap-Je. 1990. Hanbando-eui Haekgeim (Nuclear Game in the Korean Peninsula). Wolgan Chosun. April Issue.Google Scholar
Choi, Hyung-sup. 1995. Bul-I-gguhjiji Anneun Yonguso (Research Lab Lit Throughout Night). Seoul: Chosun Ilbo-sa. 1995.Google Scholar
Chung, Chin-O. 1978. Pyongyang between Peking and Moscow: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute. University, Al.: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Chung, Chin-O. 1987. North Korea's Relations with China. In The Foreign Relations of North Korea: New Perspectives, edited by Park, Jae Kyu, Koh, Byung Chul and Kwak, Tae-Hwan. 169–199. Seoul: Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam University.Google Scholar
Clough, Ralph E. 1987. North Korea and the United States. North Korea's Relations With China. In The Foreign Relations of North Korea: New Perspectives, edited by Park, Jae Kyu, Koh, Byung Chul and Kwak, Tae-Hwan. 255–273. Seoul: Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam University.Google Scholar
Davis, Zachary S. 1993. ‘The Realist Nuclear Regime,’ The Proliferation Puzzle: Why Nuclear Weapons Spread, edited by Davis, Zachary S. and Frankel, Benjamin. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Denisov, Valeri I. 1996. The U.S.-DPRK Deal: A Russian Perspective. NPR, 3 (Spring/Summer): 74–79.Google Scholar
Dingman, Roger. 1988/89. Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War. International Security 13 (Winter): 50–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelhardt, Michael J. 1996. Rewarding Proliferation: The South and North Korean Cases. NPR 3 (Spring/Summer): 31–37.Google Scholar
Ertman, Michael. 1993. North Korean Arms Capabilities and Implications: Nuclear Chemical and Ballistic Missiles. Korea and World Affairs 17 (Winter): 605–626.Google Scholar
Foot, Rosemary J. 1988/89. Nuclear Coercion and the Ending of the Korean Conflict. International Security 13 (Winter): 92–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankel, Benjamin. 1993. The Brooding Shadow: Systemic Incentives and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation. In The Proliferation Puzzle: Why Nuclear Weapons Spread, edited by Davis, Zachary S. and Frankel, Benjamin, London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Gaddis, John Lewsis Gaddis. 1982. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gardner, Gary T. 1993. Nuclear Nonproliferation: A Primer. Boulder, Col.: Lynn Rienner.Google Scholar
Garrett, Banning N. and Glaser, Bonnie S. 1995/96. China's Perspective on Nuclear Arms Control. International Security 20 (Winter): 43–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geradi, Greg J. and Plotts, James A. 1994. An Annotated Chronology of DPRK Missile Trade and Developments. NPR 2 (Autumn): 66–98.Google Scholar
Goldblat, Jozef. 1996. Towards a Stronger Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime. In Nuclear Rivalry and International Order, edited by Gjelstad, Jorn and Njolstad, Olav. 119–124, London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Godwin, Paul H. B. and Schulz, John J. 1994. China and Arms Control: Transition in East Asia. Arms Control Today 24 (November): 7–11.Google Scholar
Graham, Thomas Jr. and Shaw, Douglas B. 1999. Nearing a Fork in the Road: Proliferation or Nuclear Reversal? The Nonproliferation Review 6(1): 70–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ha, Young-Sun. 1978. Nuclearization of Small States and World Order: The Case of Korea. Asian Survey Vol. 18, No. 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ha, Young-Sun. 2000. The Cycles of North Korean Nuclear/Missile Crisis: ‘Kangsong Taeguk (A Strong and Prosperous State)’ vs. Perry Report. Paper presented to the conference on Korea: Its International and Comparative Contexts. Harvard University. March 2–4.Google Scholar
Hayes, Peter. 1991. Pacific Powderkeg: American Nuclear Dilemmas in Korea. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Hayes, Peter. 1993. The Republic of Korea and the Nuclear Issue, In Asian Flashpoint: Security and the Korean Peninsula, edited by Mack, Andrew. Canberra, Australia: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Hymans, Jacques E. C. 1999. Of Gauchos and Gringos: Why Argentina Never Wanted the Bomb, and Why America Thought it Did. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the International Security Studies Section of the International Studies Association. Washington, D. C., November 1999.Google Scholar
Hymans, Jacques E. C. 2000a. Isotopes and Identity: Australia and the Nuclear Weapons Option. 1949–1999. The Nonproliferation Review 7(1): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymans, Jacques E. C. 2000b (forthcoming). Why Do States Decide to Build Nuclear Weapons? A Comparison of the Cases of India and France. In Nuclear India in the 21st Century, edited by Sardesai, Damodar and Thomas, Raju G. C. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hymans, Jacques E. C. 2000c (forthcoming). Exploding the Dr. Strangelove Fallacy: Bureaucratic Politics and the Indian Bomb. The Monitor: Nonproliferation, Demilitarization, and Arms Control Vol. 6, No. 3.Google Scholar
Hymans, Jacques E. C. 2000d. Theory and Hypotheses: National Identity and the Nuclear Choice. Paper presented to the Western Political Science Association annual meeting. San Jose. California, March 2000.Google Scholar
Jeong, Kap-Young. 1992. The North Korean Economy. Structure, Performance and International Comparisons and Implications. Korea and World Affairs 16 (Spring): 22–39.Google Scholar
Jones, Rodney W. 1998. Tracking Nuclear Proliferation: A Guide in Maps and Charts,1998. Washington, D. C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Bruton I. 1999. The Korean Conflict. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Kier, Elizabeth and Mercer, Jonathan. 1996. Setting Precedents in Anarchy: Military Intervention and Weapons of Mass Destruction. International Security 20(4): 77–106.Google Scholar
Kim, Jung-Ik. 1996. The Future of the US-Republic of Korea Military Relationship. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Jung-Ryum. 1995. Hangukgyungjegunsul 30 Nyunsa: Kim Jungryum Hwoigorok (Thirty Years' History of Korean Economic Construction). Seoul: Joongangilbosa.Google Scholar
Kim, Min Woong. 1990. Miguk Eui Chinmi Gunboo Yooksung Junryak (The US Strategy to Raise Pro-American Military). In Hanmi Gwangye-sa (History of US-Korean Relations), edited by Ho, Park Young et al. Seoul: Silchun Moonhaksa.Google Scholar
Kissinger, Henry. 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Touchstone.Google Scholar
de Klerk, Piet. 1999. Strengthening the Nonproliferation Regime: How Much Progress Have We Made? The Nonproliferation Review 6(2): 52–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
William, Kleysteen Jr.. 1999. Massive Entanglement, Marginal Influence: Carter and Korea in Crisis. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Koh, Byung-Chul. 1984. The Foreign Policy Systems of North and South Korea. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ku, Sang-Hwoi. 1997. Mugichegye Yungugaebalgwa Dubulo (Along With the Development of Weapons System). Gukbanggwa Gisul Series No. 1.Google Scholar
Kwak, Tae-Hwan. 1987. North Korea and South Korea: Toward Peaceful Coexistence. In The Foreign Relations of North Korea: New Perspectives, edited by Park, Jae Kyu, Koh, Byung Chul and Kwak, Tae-Hwan. 317–352, Seoul: Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam University.Google Scholar
Levin, Norman D. 1997–1998. What if North Korea Survives? Survival 39 (Winter): 156–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynn-Jones, Sean. 1998. Realism and America's Rise. International Security Vol. 23 No. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, Andrew. 1991. North Korea and the Bomb. Foreign Policy. Summer Issue: 87–104.Google Scholar
Mansourov, Alexandre Y. 1995. The Origins, Evolution and Current Politics of the North Korean Nuclear Program. NPR 2 (Spring/Summer): 25–38.Google Scholar
Mansourov, Alexandre Y. 1997. North Korean Decision-Making Processes Regarding the Nuclear Issue at Early Stages of the Nuclear Game. In Peace and Security in Northeast Asia. The Nuclear Issue and the Korean Peninsula, edited by Kihl, Young Wan and Hayes, Peter. 220–239. Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharp.Google Scholar
Mazarr, Michael J. 1995. North Korea and the Bomb. A Case Study in Nonproliferation. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
McGeorge, Bundy. 1984. The Unimpressive Record of Nuclear Diplomacy. In The Nuclear Crisis Reader, edited by Prins, Gwyn. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. 1990. Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security 15(1): 5–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niksch, Larry. 1996. North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program. Congressional Research Service (CRS Issue Brief, No. 91141). Washington.Google Scholar
Norris, Robert S., Arkin, William N., and Burr, William. 1999. Where they were. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist 55 (November /December): 26–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberdorfer, Don. 1997. The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Oh, Won-Chul. 1994. Bakjunghi-Katuh Hyultoo Wa Haekgaebal Ganghang (Bloody Fight between Park Chung-Hee and Carter, and the Pursuit of Nuclear-Weapons Development). ShinDongA. November Issue.Google Scholar
Oh, Won-Chul. 1996a. Hangukhyung Gyungje Gunsul (Economic Construction in Korean Style). Seoul: Kia Gyungje Yungooso.Google Scholar
Oh, Won-Chul. 1996b. Yudotan Gaebal Jundoohwan-gwa Miguki Mak-at-da (Chun Doo-Hwan and the U. S. Aborted the Development of Missiles). ShinDongA January Issue.Google Scholar
Oh, Yun-ho. 1994. Daemi Gukbang jajuhwa-reul Wehhan Daean (An Alternative to Recover Independence of National Defense from the United States). Wolgan Mal April Issue.Google Scholar
Han Shik, Park. 1994. North Korea's Bomb. Korea Observer 25 (Winter): 501–519.Google Scholar
Park, Jung Hee. 1997 [1963]. Gookgawa Hyukmyunggwa Na (State, Revolution and Me). Seoul: Jiguchon.Google Scholar
Parker, Charles F. 2000. Security Regime Significance in the Post-Cold War Context: The Case of the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Regime, Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Convention. Los Angeles, California, March 14–18.Google Scholar
Paul, T. V. 1998. The Systemic Bases of India's Challenge to the Global Nuclear Order. The Nonproliferation Review 6(1): 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkovich, George. 1999. India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Reese, David. 1998. The Prospects for State Survival. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Adelphi Paper No. 323: 15–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiss, Mitchell. 1988. Without the Bomb: The Politics of Nuclear Nonproliferation. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Report of the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations. 1978. Investigation of Korean-American Relations. U. S. House of Representatives, 95th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington: G. P. O., October 31.Google Scholar
Roberts, Brad. 1999. Proliferation and Nonproliferation in the 1990s: Looking for the Right Lessons. The Nonproliferation Review 6(4): 70–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagan, Scott. 1996–1997. Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb. International Security 21(3): 54–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shim, Yoong-Taek (ed). 1972. Jarip-e-eui Euiji: Bakjunghee Daetongryung Uh-rok (Will for Self Reliance: Remarks of President Park Chung-Hee). Seoul: Hanlin Choolpansa.Google Scholar
Shuja, Sharif. 1997. The DPRK's Nuclear program, and Policy: Continuities, Changes, and Challenges. Korea Observer 28 (Winter): 669–686.Google Scholar
Sigal, Leon V. 1998. Disarming Strangers: Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Spector, Leonard S. 1984. Nuclear Proliferation Today. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Spector, Leonard and Smith, Jacquelin. 1990. Nuclear Ambitions, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 1989–1990. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Boulder, Col.: Westview.Google Scholar
Spector, Leonard and Smith, Jacquelin. 1991. North Korea. The Next Nuclear Nightmare? Arms Control Today 21 (Marz): 8–14.Google Scholar
Stein, Janice Gross. Deterrence and Reassurance. 1991. In Behavior, Society and Nuclear War. Vol. 2, edited by Tetlock, Philip E. et al. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tannewald, Nina. 1999. The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use. International Organization Vol. 53, No. 3.Google Scholar
Thayer, Bradley. 1995. The Causes of Nuclear Proliferation and the Utility of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime. Security Studies 4: 463–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohlstetter, Albert et al. 1977. Swords from Plowshares: The Military Potential of Civilian Nuclear Energy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wolfsthal, Jon Brook. 1994. U. S. and Chinese Views of Proliferation: Trying to Bridge the Gap. NPR 2 (Fall): 60–68.Google Scholar
Wonjaryukyungooso, . 1990. Hanguk Wonjaryuk Samsipnyunsa (Thirty Years History of Korean Nuclear Energy). Seoul: Wonjaryukyungooso.Google Scholar
Wood, Joe and Zelikow, Philip. 1996. Persuading the President: Jimmy Carter and American Troops in Korea. Kennedy School of Government, Case Program, C18-96-1319.0.Google Scholar
Wright, David and Kadyshev, Timur. 1994. The North Korean Missile Program: How Advanced is it? Arms Control Today 24 (April): 9–12.Google Scholar
Young, James V. 1994. Gyukdonggi Hanmigwangye Bisa (Hidden Story of US-Korean Relations During the Tumultuous Era). Wolgan Chosun May Issue.Google Scholar
Zhu, Muigquan. 1997. The Evolution of China's Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy, NPR 4 (Winter): 40–48.Google Scholar