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X-ray diffraction has limited applicability in investigation of milk tampering

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2019

Ana Paula Pavão Battaglini ,
Alexandre Urbano ,
Vanerli Beloti ,
Edson Antonio Rios ,
Juliana Ramos Pereira  and
Rafael Fagnani
Ana Paula Pavão Battaglini
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
Alexandre Urbano
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
Vanerli Beloti
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
Edson Antonio Rios
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
Juliana Ramos Pereira
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
Rafael Fagnani*
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: Rafael Fagnani, Email: rafaelfagnani@hotmail.com
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Abstract

The aim of this work was to use X-ray diffraction to identify substances used for adulteration of raw milk and to determine if crystallographic analysis can detect extraneous substances in milk. Two unknown substances were sent anonymously by employers linked to the dairy chain, who claimed that they were added directly in milk prior to water addition by truck drivers. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and submitted to physicochemical analysis. The first substance was identified by X-ray diffraction as sodium citrate, complying with its physicochemical attributes, such as the powerful ability to decrease the freezing point. The second substance was identified by X-ray diffraction as sucrose and this result was also in agreement with its ability to increase the density, decrease the freezing point and finally, to be positive for sucrose in the resorcinol qualitative test. To evaluate if X-ray diffraction can detect extraneous substances already mixed in milk, fresh raw milk samples tampered with urea, sodium hydroxide, sodium citrate and sucrose were freeze dried and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, with no detection of any extraneous substances at any percentage. This is the first report of attempted diagnosis of extraneous substances in milk by X-ray diffraction. However, this technique can be useful only when applied to identify substances used for adulteration prior to its dilution in milk, since the amorphous nature of milk seems to be a limitation for the accurate detection of extraneous substances.

Keywords

Citratefraudmilk adulterationsucrosewater
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 86 , Issue 3 , August 2019 , pp. 337 - 340
Copyright
Copyright © Hannah Dairy Research Foundation 2019 

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