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Women, Violence, and Gender Dynamics during and after the Five Patani-Siam Wars, 1785–1838

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2021

Francis R. Bradley
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Abstract

This article examines five wars that occurred on the Malay-Thai Peninsula in the period 1785–1838 and the deep impact they had upon women's lives during and after the conflicts. Constituting the majority of surviving refugees, women rebuilt their lives in the wake of war through business and trade in Malaya, as Islamic teachers in Mecca and Southeast Asia, and as servants and slaves in Bangkok. In each of these settings, women encountered new forms of agency and newfound challenges, shifting cultural values that regulated decisions and actions, and evolving perceptions of the qualifications for leadership. Focused upon the political demise of the Patani Sultanate, a state with a long history of female rule, this study is of particular relevance to scholarly debates concerning women in contemporary warfare because of its transnational focus with keen attention to women in a variety of Islamic spaces and contexts, its aim of dispelling the pervasive notion of Muslim women as lacking agency, and as a point of comparison for the present armed conflict still raging in Southern Thailand that has claimed more than five thousand and continues to impact women and gender dynamics in the region.

Keywords

Muslim womenSouthern Thailandwomen in warsocial movementspostwar society
Type
Article
Information
Itinerario , Volume 45 , Special Issue 3: Coercing Mobility: Territory and Displacement in the Politics of Southeast Asian Muslim Movements , December 2021 , pp. 345 - 363
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University

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References

Bibliography

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Bradley, Francis R. “Sheikh Da'ud al-Fatani's Munyat al-Musalli and the Place of Prayer in Nineteenth-Century Patani Communities.” Indonesia and the Malay World 41:120 (July 2013): 198–214.10.1080/13639811.2013.798072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Dodge, Nicholas N. “Population Estimates of the Malay Peninsula in the Nineteenth Century, with Special Reference to the East Coast States.” Population Studies 34:3 (1980): 437–75.10.1080/00324728.1980.10410455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fatani, Ahmad Fathy al-. Ulama Besar dari Patani. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2002.Google Scholar
Formichi, Chiara. “Displacing Political Islam in Indonesia.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Thomas M. Jr. Fisherman of South Thailand: The Malay Villagers. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Gedacht, Joshua. “Exile, Mobility, and Re-territorialisation in Aceh and Colonial Indonesia.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).10.1017/S0165115321000243CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gedacht, Joshua, and Malhi, Amrita, ‘‘Introduction to Coercing Mobility: Territory and Displacement in the Politics of Southeast Asia.”, Itinerario 45:3 (2021).10.1017/S0165115321000231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hijjas, Mulaika. Victorious Wives: The Disguised Heroine in Nineteenth-Century Malay Syair. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Sukhabanij, Kachorn. “Siamese Documents Concerning Captain Francis Light.” In Papers on Malayan History: Papers Submitted to the First International Conference of South-East Asian Historians, Singapore, January 1961, edited by K. G. Tregonning, 1–9. Singapore: Journal of South-East Asian History, 1962.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Kloos, David. “Dis/connection: Violence, Religion, and Geographic Imaginings in Aceh and Colonial Indonesia, 1890s–1920s.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua. Thai-Malay Relations: Traditional Intra-regional Relations from the Seventeenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries. East Asian Monographs, edited by Gungwu, Wang. Singapore: University of Oxford Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Koenig, William J. The Burmese Polity, 1752–1819: Politics, Administration and Social Organization in the Early Kon-baung Period. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 34. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1990.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Victor B. Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madmarn, Hasan. The Pondok and Madrasah in Patani. Monograph Series of Malay World and Civilisation, edited by Wan Teh, Wan Hashim. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2002.Google Scholar
Malhi, Amrita. “Race, Space, and the Malayan Emergency: Expelling Malay Muslim Communism and Reconstituting Malaya's Racial State, 1945–1954.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).10.1017/S0165115321000279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matheson, Virginia, and Hooker, M. B.. “Jawi Literature in Patani: The Maintenance of a Tradition.” JMBRAS 61:1 (1988): 1–86.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. Europe and Southeast Asia: The Military Balance. Centre for Southeast Asian Studies Occasional Paper no. 16, edited by Hering, Bob. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland, 1982.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450–1680. Vol. 1: The Lands below the Winds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Said, Mohamad. Memoirs of a Menteri Besar: Early Days. Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1982.Google Scholar
Scupin, Raymond. “Thai Muslims in Bangkok: Islam and Modernization in a Buddhist Society.” PhD diss., University of California-Santa Barbara, 1978.Google Scholar
Talib, Shaharil. “The Port and Polity of Terengganu during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Realizing Its Potential.” In The Southeast Asian Port and Polity: Rise and Demise, edited by Kathirithamby-Wells, J. and Villiers, John, 213–30. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Teeuw, A., and Wyatt, David K.. Hikayat Patani: The Story of Patani. 2 vols. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1970.10.1007/978-94-015-2598-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsuneda, Michiko. “Navigating Life on the Border: Gender, Migration and Identity in Malay Muslim Communities in Southern Thailand.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2009.Google Scholar
British Library, Governor General Reports (GG), Straits Settlements Factory Records (SSR), London.Google Scholar
Muzium Kesenian Islam (Museum of Islamic Art) [MKI], Kuala Lumpur.Google Scholar
National Archives, Kew, Colonial Office Records (CO), London.Google Scholar
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia (National Library of Malaysia) [PNM], Kuala Lumpur.Google Scholar
Abdul Kadir, Abdullah bin. The Hikayat Abdullah. Trans. Hill, A. H.. Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Crawfurd, John. Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China; Exhibiting a View of the Actual State of Those Kingdoms. London: Henry Colburn, 1828.Google Scholar
Faṭānī, Dā’ūd bin ‘Abd Allāh al-. Īḍāḥ al-Bāb li-Murīd al-Nikāḥ bi-1 -Ṣawāb. Pulau Pinang: Maktabah Dar al-Ma‘arif, n.d.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Howard. Travels in South-Eastern Asia, Embracing Hindustan, Malaya, Siam and China; with Notices of Numerous Missionary Stations and a Full Account of the Burman Empire; with Dissertations, Tables, etc. Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 1840.Google Scholar
Mooreland, W. H., ed. Peter Floris: His Voyage to the East Indies in the Globe, 1611–1615. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1934.Google Scholar
Moor, J. H. Notices of the Indian Archipelago and Adjacent Countries: Being a Collection of Papers Relating to Borneo, Celebes, Bali, Java, Sumatra, Nias, the Philippine Islands, Sulus, Siam, Cochin China, Malayan Peninsula, &c. Singapore, 1837.Google Scholar
Newbold, T. J. Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, viz. Pinang, Malacca, and Singapore; with a History of the Malayan States on the Peninsula of Malacca, 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1839.Google Scholar
“Phongsawadan Muang Pattani” [Chronicle of Pattani], in Prachum Phongsawadan, Phak thi Sam [Collected Chronicles, part 3], translated by Tua Thao in unpublished manuscript. Original published in Bangkok: Thai Printing House, 2457 B.E. [1914].Google Scholar
Snouck Hurgronje, C. Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century: Daily Life, Customs and Learning; the Moslims of the East-Indian Archipelago. Translated by Monahan, J. H.. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1931.Google Scholar
Syukri, Ibrahim. Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani. Bangi: Penerbitan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2005.Google Scholar
Vaughan, J. D. “Notes on the Malays of Pinang and Province Wellesley.” Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia 2:2 (1857): 115–75.Google Scholar
Abdullah, Mohd. Shaghir. Penyebaran Islam san Silsilah Ulama Sejagat Dunia Melayu, vol. 2, Pengenalan Siri (Series introduction), 3. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Pengkajian Khazanah Klasik Nusantara and Khazanah Fathaniyah, 1999.Google Scholar
Amirell, Stefan. “The Blessings and Perils of Female Rule: New Perspectives on the Reigning Queens of Patani, c. 1584–1718.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 42:2 (2011): 303–23.10.1017/S0022463411000063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askew, Marc. “From Glory to Ruins.” In Vientiane: Transformations of a Lao Landscape, edited by Askew, Marc, Logan, William S., and Long, Colin, 43–73. Asia's Transformations series, edited by Selden, Mark. London: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Baron, Beth. The Women's Awakening in Egypt. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Bradley, Francis R. Forging Islamic Power and Place: The Legacy of Shaykh Da'ud bin ‘Abd Allah al-Fatani in Mecca and Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Bradley, Francis R. “Moral Order in a Time of Damnation: The Hikayat Patani in Historical Context.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40:2 (2009): 267–93.10.1017/S0022463409000150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, Francis R. “Sheikh Da'ud al-Fatani's Munyat al-Musalli and the Place of Prayer in Nineteenth-Century Patani Communities.” Indonesia and the Malay World 41:120 (July 2013): 198–214.10.1080/13639811.2013.798072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, William. “On the Patani.” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (1883): 123–42.Google Scholar
Cense, A. A. “Maleise Invloeden in het Oostelijk Deel van de Indonesische Archipel.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 134 (1978): 415–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charney, Michael W. Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300–1900. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Sec. 3: Southeast Asia, vol. 16, edited by Lieberman, V. et al. Leiden: Brill, 2004.10.1163/9789047406921CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daud, Ismail Che, ed. Tokoh-tokoh Ulama’ Semenanjung Melayu, vol. 1. 3rd ed. Kota Bharu: Majlis Ugama Islam dan Adat Istiadat Melayu Kelantan, 2001.Google Scholar
Daud, , Ismail Che, , ed. Tokoh-tokoh Ulama’ Semenanjung Melayu, vol. 2. 2nd ed. Kota Bharu: Majlis Ugama Islam dan Adat Istiadat Melayu Kelantan, 2007.Google Scholar
Dodge, Nicholas N. “Population Estimates of the Malay Peninsula in the Nineteenth Century, with Special Reference to the East Coast States.” Population Studies 34:3 (1980): 437–75.10.1080/00324728.1980.10410455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fatani, Ahmad Fathy al-. Ulama Besar dari Patani. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2002.Google Scholar
Formichi, Chiara. “Displacing Political Islam in Indonesia.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Thomas M. Jr. Fisherman of South Thailand: The Malay Villagers. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Gedacht, Joshua. “Exile, Mobility, and Re-territorialisation in Aceh and Colonial Indonesia.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).10.1017/S0165115321000243CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gedacht, Joshua, and Malhi, Amrita, ‘‘Introduction to Coercing Mobility: Territory and Displacement in the Politics of Southeast Asia.”, Itinerario 45:3 (2021).10.1017/S0165115321000231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hijjas, Mulaika. Victorious Wives: The Disguised Heroine in Nineteenth-Century Malay Syair. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Sukhabanij, Kachorn. “Siamese Documents Concerning Captain Francis Light.” In Papers on Malayan History: Papers Submitted to the First International Conference of South-East Asian Historians, Singapore, January 1961, edited by K. G. Tregonning, 1–9. Singapore: Journal of South-East Asian History, 1962.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Kloos, David. “Dis/connection: Violence, Religion, and Geographic Imaginings in Aceh and Colonial Indonesia, 1890s–1920s.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua. Thai-Malay Relations: Traditional Intra-regional Relations from the Seventeenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries. East Asian Monographs, edited by Gungwu, Wang. Singapore: University of Oxford Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Koenig, William J. The Burmese Polity, 1752–1819: Politics, Administration and Social Organization in the Early Kon-baung Period. Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 34. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 1990.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Victor B. Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madmarn, Hasan. The Pondok and Madrasah in Patani. Monograph Series of Malay World and Civilisation, edited by Wan Teh, Wan Hashim. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2002.Google Scholar
Malhi, Amrita. “Race, Space, and the Malayan Emergency: Expelling Malay Muslim Communism and Reconstituting Malaya's Racial State, 1945–1954.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).10.1017/S0165115321000279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matheson, Virginia, and Hooker, M. B.. “Jawi Literature in Patani: The Maintenance of a Tradition.” JMBRAS 61:1 (1988): 1–86.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. Europe and Southeast Asia: The Military Balance. Centre for Southeast Asian Studies Occasional Paper no. 16, edited by Hering, Bob. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland, 1982.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450–1680. Vol. 1: The Lands below the Winds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Said, Mohamad. Memoirs of a Menteri Besar: Early Days. Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1982.Google Scholar
Scupin, Raymond. “Thai Muslims in Bangkok: Islam and Modernization in a Buddhist Society.” PhD diss., University of California-Santa Barbara, 1978.Google Scholar
Talib, Shaharil. “The Port and Polity of Terengganu during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Realizing Its Potential.” In The Southeast Asian Port and Polity: Rise and Demise, edited by Kathirithamby-Wells, J. and Villiers, John, 213–30. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Teeuw, A., and Wyatt, David K.. Hikayat Patani: The Story of Patani. 2 vols. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1970.10.1007/978-94-015-2598-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsuneda, Michiko. “Navigating Life on the Border: Gender, Migration and Identity in Malay Muslim Communities in Southern Thailand.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2009.Google Scholar