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Overlords, underlords and landlords: negotiating land and lordship in plantation Munster
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 May 2023
Abstract
This article explores the legal strategies of negotiation employed by Gaelic lords in early modern Munster through a case study of the O'Driscoll lordship of Collymore, County Cork. The late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries produced an environment of intense legal contestation, as indigenous legal practices and hierarchies were methodically attacked by the colonial administration. But, as English administrators attempted to eradicate Irish legal precedent (and with it the legitimacy of the Gaelic aristocracy), Gaelic lords responded with new and often innovative legal strategies. The territory of Collymore presents a microcosm of the legal tensions produced by and under the Munster plantation, subject to competing claims by rival O'Driscoll heirs, MacCarthy Reagh overlords, ‘Old English’ neighbours and incoming planters. This article offers a reconstruction and analysis of the complex legal disputes surrounding Collymore. It argues that through otherwise routine legal interactions like inheritance disputes and chancery suits, Irish lords reframed their authority in the vocabulary of English law, trading tanistry for primogeniture and the language of overlordship for that of landlordship. Through these rhetorical and theoretical shifts, they attempted to redefine the very basis and nature of their authority.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd
References
1 Petition of Donaghy mcFinin O Driskoll of Innisherkane, County Cork, 1628 (N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. G 6).
2 A note on naming conventions: There is a great deal of name overlap and ambiguity among the major figures in this case. Not only do Sir Finghín O'Driscoll (of Ballyisland and of Dún na Séad/Baltimore) and Finghín Carrach O'Driscoll (of Dún na Long/Sherkin Island) share a name, but both Finghíns had eldest sons named Conor and younger sons named Donnchadh, the latter of whom litigated on their fathers’ behalf. Both Finghíns were also sons of two different Conors: Conor mac Finghín, father of Finghín Carrach, and Conor mac Conor, father of Sir Finghín. For that reason, Sir Finghín of Ballyisland is always referred to as Sir Finghín, and Finghín Carrach always carries his epithet. Occasionally, there are ambiguous references to Finghín, in which case the name given is that in the text. Where there is potential for ambiguity, Donnchadh Carrach also carries his epithet. Both Conors always carry their patronymics. See Figure 1 for a family tree.
3 Barnby, Henry, ‘The sack of Baltimore’ in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, lxxiv, no. 220 (1979), pp 101‒29Google Scholar; Kelleher, Connie, The alliance of pirates (Cork, 2020), pp 267‒72Google Scholar. For the dissolution and reorganisation of Gaelic lordships in the aftermath of Cromwellian confiscations, see Simms, J. G., ‘The restoration, 1660‒85’ in Moody, T.W., Martin, F.X., and Byrne, F. J. (eds), A new history of Ireland, iii: early modern Ireland 1534‒1691 (Oxford, 1993), pp 420‒53Google Scholar; Ohlmeyer, Jane, Making Ireland English (New Haven, 2012), pp 301‒35Google Scholar; Smyth, William, Map-making, landscapes and memory (Cork, 2006), pp 198‒221Google Scholar.
4 For a general overview of tanistry, see Nicholls, K. W., Gaelic and gaelicized Ireland in the middle ages (Dublin, 2003), pp 27‒32Google Scholar; idem, ‘Gaelic society and economy’ in Art Cosgrove (ed.), A new history of Ireland, ii: medieval Ireland, 1169‒1534 (Oxford, 2008), pp 423‒5; Katharine Simms, From kings to warlords (Woodbridge, 2000), pp 46‒59. For a discussion of tanistry in relation to English common law, see Dorsett, Shaunnagh, ‘“Since time immemorial”: a story of common law jurisdiction, native title and the Case of Tanistry’ in Melbourne University Law Review, xxvi, no. 1 (2002), pp 39‒57Google Scholar.
5 See, for example, the grant of English law to Finghín MacCarthy Reagh in the aftermath of an internecine conflict: Grant to Florence Mackarthy, 16 May 1488, Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry VII, 1485‒1509, i, p. 226; Cuív, Brian Ó, ‘A poem for Fínghin Mac Carthaigh Riabhach’ in Celtica, xv (1983), pp 96‒110Google Scholar.
6 John Davies, ‘The Case of Tanistry’ in idem, A report of cases and matters in law resolved and adjudged in the king's courts in Ireland (Dublin, 1862), pp 8‒115; Pawlisch, Hans S., Sir John Davies and the conquest of Ireland (Cambridge, 1985), pp 55‒83CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the legal enforcement of Englishness more broadly, see, for example, Dennehy, Coleman, ‘Institutional history and the early modern Irish state’ in Covington, Sarah, Carey, Vincent P. and McGowan-Doyle, Valerie (eds), Early modern Ireland (Abingdon, 2019), pp 180‒95Google Scholar; Ellis, Steven G., Ireland in the age of the Tudors (London, 1998), pp 165‒76Google Scholar; Gillespie, Raymond, Seventeenth-century Ireland: making Ireland modern (Dublin, 2006), pp 135‒7Google Scholar.
7 Michael MacCarthy-Morrogh explores some of many legal strategies employed by Irish lords to defend or reclaim their lands in the Munster plantation, and the continued acculturation of Old and New English families alike: MacCarthy-Morrogh, Michael, The Munster plantation (Oxford, 1986), pp 81‒91Google Scholar, 152‒4. See Nicholls, Kenneth, ‘The first earl of Cork and Gaelic Carberry’ in Edwards, David and Rynne, Colin (eds), The colonial world of Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork (Dublin, 2018), pp 189‒90Google Scholar; Farrell, Gerard, The ‘mere Irish’ and the colonisation of Ulster, 1570‒1641 (Cham, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nicholls, K. W., Land, law and society in sixteenth-century Ireland (Dublin, 1976)Google Scholar; Caball, Marc, ‘Culture, continuity, and change in early seventeenth-century south-west Munster’ in Studia Hibernica, xxxviii (2012), pp 37‒56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Horning, Audrey, ‘Minding the gaps: exploring the intersection of political economy, colonial ideologies and cultural practice in early modern Ireland’ in Post-Medieval Archaeology, lii, no. 1 (2018), pp 4‒20Google Scholar.
8 Pawlisch, Sir John Davies, pp 38–9; Morgan, Rhys and Power, Gerald, ‘Enduring borderlands: the marches of Ireland and Wales in the early modern period’ in Ellis, Steven G. and Esser, Raingard (eds), Frontiers, regions and identities in Europe (Pisa, 2009), p. 111Google Scholar.
9 Benda-Beckmann, Keebet von, ‘Forum shopping and shopping forums: dispute processing in a Minangkabau village in West Sumatra’ in Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, xix (1981), pp 117‒60Google Scholar. For a broader discussion of forum shopping and legal pluralism in the early modern world, see Ross, Richard J. and Stern, Philip J., ‘Reconstructing early modern notions of legal pluralism’ in Benton, Lauren and Ross, Richard J. (eds), Legal pluralism and empires, 1500‒1850 (New York, 2013), pp 109‒43Google Scholar.
10 O'Dowd, Mary, ‘Women and the Irish chancery court in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries’ in I.H.S., xxxi, no. 124 (1999), pp 470‒87Google Scholar; Nicholls, K. W., ‘Some documents on Irish law and custom in the sixteenth century’ in Anal. Hib., xxvi (1970), pp 103‒29Google Scholar; Lennon, Colm, Sixteenth-century Ireland (Dublin, 2005), pp 16‒17, 60‒61Google Scholar; Ellis, Ireland in the age of the Tudors, pp 167‒73.
11 Nicholls, ‘Some documents on Irish law and custom’, pp 115‒17; idem, Land, law and society, pp 6‒7.
12 Brendan Kane, ‘Popular politics and the legitimacy of power’ in Eve Campbell, Elizabeth FitzPatrick and Audrey Horning (eds), Becoming and belonging in Ireland AD c.1200–1600 (Cork, 2018), pp 328‒43.
13 Ó Murchadha describes the conditions of Gaelic land tenure and over/underlordship in a nearby, unplanted region of Cork, providing a useful comparative: Diarmuid Ó Murchadha, ‘Gaelic land tenure in County Cork: Uíbh Laoghire in the seventeenth century’ in Patrick O'Flanagan and Cornelius G. Buttimer (eds), Cork: history and society (Dublin, 1993), pp 213‒48.
14 Harold O'Sullivan, ‘Dynamics of regional development: processes of assimilation and division in the marchland of south-east Ulster in late medieval and early modern Ireland’ in Ciaran Brady and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds), British interventions in early modern Ireland (Cambridge, 2004), pp 49–72; P. J. Duffy, ‘The territorial organisation of Gaelic landownership and its transformation in County Monaghan, 1591‒1640’ in Irish Geography, xiv, no. 1 (1981), pp 1‒26. For some significant works on the regional particulars of the Munster plantation, see W. F. T. Butler, Gleanings from Irish history (London, 1925); Michael MacCarthy-Morrogh, The Munster plantation (Oxford, 1986); David Dickson, Old world colony (Madison, 2005). For regionalisms of maritime lordships like the O'Driscolls, see Colin Breen and John Raven, ‘Maritime lordship in late-medieval Gaelic Ireland’ in Medieval Archaeology, lxi, no. 1 (2017), pp 149‒82.
15 ‘Petition of Donagh mcFinin O Driskoll of Innisherkane, co. Cork’, 1628 (N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. G 6); ‘The joint and severall answers of Sr Ffynen O Driscoll knight’, 1628 (N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. Y 20); ‘Answer to a bill in chancery, signed Edw. Bolton’, 1615 (N.L.I., MacCarthy Reagh Papers, MS 50,561/2); ‘The answere of Sr Walter Coppinger knighte to the complainte of Sr Ffinen’ (N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. Q 3); ‘Donnoghe O Driscall als O Driscall to Sir Walter Compengher knt’ (N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. S 28).
16 John O'Donovan (ed. and trans.), ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’ in Miscellany of the Celtic Society (Dublin, 1849), pp 86‒7, available at U.C.C., Corpus of Electronic Texts, (http://research.ucc.ie/celt/document/T105009) (9 July 2021); Connie Kelleher, ‘The Gaelic O'Driscoll lords of Baltimore, Co. Cork: settlement, economy and conflict in a maritime cultural landscape’ in Linda Doran and James Lyttleton (eds), Lordship in medieval Ireland: image and reality (Dublin, 2007), pp 130‒59; Diarmuid Ó Murchadha, Family names of County Cork (Cork, 1996), pp 175‒6; James M. Burke, ‘The O'Driscolls and other septs of Corca Laidhe’ in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, xvi, no. 85 (1910), pp 24‒31; idem, ‘Notes and queries: Sir Fineen O'Driscoll’ in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, xxv, no. 121 (1919), pp 51‒2; Butler, Gleanings from Irish history, pp 158‒63.
17 Kenneth Nicholls, ‘The development of lordship in county Cork, 1300 to 1600’ in O'Flanagan & Buttimer (eds), Cork: history & society, pp 157‒212.
18 Ó Murchadha, Family names of County Cork, pp 175‒6.
19 The earliest surviving description of this division is an inquisition of 1608, transcribed in O'Donovan, ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’, pp 100‒07 (hereafter ‘1608 Inquisition’). The date of the division of Collymore depends on the nature of the familial relationship between Conor mac Conor and Conor mac Finghín. There are three conflicting pedigrees. According to Dubhalthach Mac Fhirbhisigh's pedigree of the O'Driscolls, Conor mac Finghín and Conor mac Conor were first cousins once removed, and the division must have occurred after the death of Conor mac Conor's father in 1508. The same date holds true according to the pedigree in the Annals of the Four Masters, in which Conor mac Conor is the uncle of Conor mac Finghín. According to a final genealogy, however, Conor mac Conor is the son of Conor mac Finghín, in which case the division would have occurred before Conor mac Finghín's death in 1508. See Figure 1 for the possible family trees. For the conflicting pedigrees, see that of Dubhalthach Mac Fhiribhisigh in O'Donovan (ed. and trans.), ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’, p. 86; John O'Donovan, Annala rioghachta Eireann: Annals of the kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters (7 vols, Dublin, 1848‒51), v, 1839, available at U.C.C., CELT, (https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100005E/index.html) (9 July 2021); British Library, Harley MS 1425, p. 25.
20 For several Cork incidents, see Nicholls, ‘Development of lordship’, pp 172‒3, 191‒2. Others are detailed in the annals, including the O'Briens in 1409, the MacCarthy Mór in 1410, and the O'Sullivans in 1411: O'Donovan, Annala Rioghachta Eireann, iv, 801, 803 (https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100005D/index.html) (9 July 2021); A. Martin Freeman (ed.), Annála Connacht (Dublin, 1944), p. 409, available at U.C.C., CELT, (https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100011/index.html) (9 July 2021).
21 Finghín Carrach's death in 1600 is recorded in an inquisition taken at Bandon in 1629, transcribed by O'Donovan in ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’. While Donnchadh Carrach's account could reasonably be questioned on this basis, his version of the events is corroborated by the earlier inquisition of 1608: N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. G 6; 1608 Inquisition; 1629 Inquisition, transcribed in O'Donovan, ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’, pp 111‒12 (hereafter ‘1629 Inquisition’).
22 N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. G 6.
23 N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. Y 20.
24 J. A. Wagner, The Devon gentleman: the life of Sir Peter Carew (Hull, 1998), pp 283‒385; John Hooker, The life and times of Sir Peter Carew, Kt., ed. Sir John Maclean (London, 1857).
25 John Vowell, alias Hooker, to Sir Peter Carew, 8 Mar. 1573, in J. S. Brewer and William Bullen (eds), Calendar of Carew manuscripts preserved in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth (6 vols, London, 1867‒73), i, 436.
26 Petition of Fineen, alias Florence, O'Driscoll to the queen, Sept. 1573 (T.N.A., S.P. 63/42, f. 70); Lord Deputy Fytzwylliam to Burghley, 14 Mar. 1573 (T.N.A., S.P. 63/39, f. 131)
27 Petition of Fineen, alias Florence, O'Driscoll to the queen, Sept. 1573 (T.N.A., S.P. 63/42, f. 70); Parcels of land in Munster which Peter Carew claims to be his inheritance, 1571 (T.N.A., S.P. 63/33, f. 124).
28 David Edwards, ‘The Butler Revolt of 1569’ in I.H.S., xxviii, no. 111 (1993), pp 228‒55; Sir John Perrot, Lord President of Munster, to the lord-deputy and council, 19 Mar. 1573, as transcribed in Hooker, Life & times, pp 273‒6.
29 Sir Henry Sydney to the privy council, 27 Feb. 1576, Cal. Carew MSS, ii, 39.
30 Sir John Perrot to Sir Thomas Smith, 23 Oct. 1573 (T.N.A., S.P. 63/42, f. 122).
31 Baltimore may have been generating revenues for the crown as early as 1543, when Sir Osborn Etchingham was made constable of Baltimore and admonished to keep it well ‘for the p[ro]fites groweng of the same’. And while the proposed expedition to fortify Baltimore in 1551 never took place, it indicates a growing administrative interest in the town: the king to the lord deputy and council, Aug. 1543 (T.N.A., S.P. 60/11, ff 80v‒81v); Articles for the expedition into Ireland, 7 Jan. 1551 (T.N.A., S.P. 61/3, ff 3‒6); Sir Warhame Sentleger and Justice John Myaghe to the privy council in England, 23 Mar. 1579/80 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1574‒1585, p. 213); John Myaghe to Walsyngham, 31 Mar. 1580 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1574‒1585, p. 214); Advertisement touching the preparations in Spain, 8 Mar. 1598 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1586‒1588, p. 279).
32 Sir Warham Sentleger to Walsyngham, 15 Aug. 1583 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1574‒1585, p. 463).
33 N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. G 6.
34 Ibid.
35 For example, Notes for Her Majesty to consider of, July 1588 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1586‒1588, p. 585).
36 1608 Inquisition; N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. G 6.
37 O'Donovan, Annala Rioghachta Eireann, v, 1839.
38 Burke, ‘Sir Fineen O'Driscoll’, p. 51.
39 The second surrender and regrant in 1585 is referenced in B.L., Harley MS 1425, p. 25, cited in O'Donovan (ed. and trans.), ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’, p. 386.
40 Ibid.
41 For the O'Donovan inauguration, see the chancery suit of Teige O'Donovan, 12 Feb. 1592/3 (N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. N 25), transcribed in John O'Donovan (ed.), Genealogy, tribes, and customs of Hy-Fiachrach (Irish Archaeological Society, Dublin, 1844), pp 444‒8. The O'Mahony inauguration is attested by George Carew (Lambeth Palace Library, Carew papers, MS 635, f. 11).
42 Geoff. Fenton to Burghley, 31 Oct. 1586 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1586‒1588, pp 190‒93).
43 1608 Inquisition.
44 Ibid.
45 A survey of Carbry, 1599, Cal. Carew MSS, iii, 351‒2.
46 Conor O'Driscoll is repeatedly associated with the Jesuit James Archer, James fitz Thomas Fitzgerald, and Florence MacCarthy. See, for example, Sir George Carew to the lord deputy, 1 June 1602, Cal. Carew MSS, iv, 242; Sir George Carew to the privy council, 13 July 1602, Cal. Carew MSS, iv, 267; Sir George Carew to the privy council, 31 Oct. 1602, Cal. Carew MSS, iv, 373; Florence McCarthy to Sir George Carew, 15 May 1600 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1600, p. 178).
47 Finghín Carrach's enfeoffment of David Hurley took place in November 1599, just five months before his death. 1629 Inquisition.
48 For Onora's residence in the castle until 1616, see the 1629 Inquisition. As discussed further below, Dún na Long was among the castles Sir Finghín mortgaged to Thomas Crooke in August 1600, just four months after Finghín Carrach's death.
49 Fynnyn O Driscoll, de Donoshee, 31 Mar. 1604, in Richard Caulfield (ed.), Council book of the corporation of Kinsale (Guildford, 1879), p. 327.
50 1629 Inquisition.
51 1608 Inquisition.
52 Michael MacCarthy-Morrogh, The Munster plantation, pp 152‒4; Barnby, ‘The sack of Baltimore’, pp 109–11; Walter Arthur Copinger, History of the Copingers or Coppingers (Manchester, 1884), pp 36‒64. For a more credulous and even admiring depiction of Coppinger's activities, see Mark Samuel, ‘Coppinger's Court: a document in stone’ in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, lxxxix, no. 248 (1984), pp 59‒61.
53 Hiram Morgan, ‘“Lawes of Irelande”: a tract by Sir John Davies’ in Irish Jurist, xxviii/xxx (1993/1995), p. 312; MacCarthy-Morrogh, The Munster plantation, pp 80–81.
54 Nicholls, ‘The first earl of Cork and Gaelic Carberry’, pp 190‒94, 203‒04; Dickson, Old world colony, pp 10‒11.
55 1608 Inquisition.
56 1608 Inquisition.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
59 Surrender by Sir Fynnyn O'Driskoill of Baltimore. Knt, and Thomas Crooke, May 1607 in Irish Patent Rolls of James I (I.M.C., Dublin, 1966), p. 107; Grant from the king to Thomas Crooke of Baltimore, 3 July 1607, Irish Pat. Rolls of James I, pp 107‒08; Warrant for fiant of grant to Thomas Crooke, 7 May 1607 (Huntington Library, Hastings manuscripts, Irish Concealed Lands papers, box 8, roll 18). For the Irish Concealed Lands papers, see also Mary O'Dowd, ‘“Irish Concealed Lands papers” in the Hastings manuscripts in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California’ in Anal. Hib., xxxi (1984), pp 69‒192.
60 O'Dowd, ‘“Irish Concealed Lands papers”’, pp 76–7.
61 1608 Inquisition.
62 Conveyance of Baltimore Castle and other property in Carbery to Sir Walter, 1 Mar. 1608, in Copinger, History of the Copingers, pp 51‒2. The transcription does not clarify whether it has transposed the date from Old Style to New Style, so this conveyance may have taken place in either 1608 or 1609.
63 Dickson, Old world colony, pp 13, 80; Copinger, History of the Copingers, pp 46‒57.
64 Ó Murchadha, Family names, p. 182.
65 N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS CP Y 20.
66 Copinger, History of the Copingers, pp 66‒67
67 Petition of James Spenser and other English inhabitants of a plantation in Carbrie, County Cork, to the privy council, Apr. 1618 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1615‒1625, pp 190‒91). See also the petition of the merchants trading to the East Indies and of William Burrell, 30 June 1613 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1611‒1614, pp 369‒70). These complaints are further described in Charles Smith, The ancient and present state of the county of Cork (Cork, 1894), pp 252‒3.
68 This formulation was coined by Ciaran Brady and Raymond Gillespie (eds), Natives and newcomers: essays on the making of Irish colonial society, 1534–1641(Dublin, 1986).
69 Daniel McCarthy et al. to the lord deputy, 24 Nov. 1610, in Caulfield (ed.), Council book of Kinsale, p. 315.
70 Lennon, Sixteenth-century Ireland, pp 231‒3; Anthony M. McCormack, The earldom of Desmond, 1463‒1583 (Dublin, 2005), p. 196.
71 For a contemporary map of Crooke's Baltimore plantation, see Priestly, E. J., ‘An early 17th century map of Baltimore’ in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, lxxxix, no. 248 (1984), pp 55‒7Google Scholar.
72 N.L.I., MacCarthy Reagh papers, MS 50,561/2.
73 Ibid.
74 Grant from the king to Thomas Crooke, Irish Pat. Rolls, James I, pp 107‒08.
75 Kelleher, The alliance of pirates, p. 89.
76 A copy of a letter from the lord bishop of Cork to the lords of the council in England, Aug. 1608 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1608‒1610, pp 100‒01); Lord Danvers to the privy council, 5 Sept. 1608 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1608‒1610, p. 101); lords of council to the president of Munster, 27 Sept. 1608 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1608‒1610, pp 42‒3); privy council to Lord Danvers, 20 Nov. 1608 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1608‒1610, p. 101).
77 Barnby, ‘The sack of Baltimore’, p. 107.
78 For the O'Driscolls and piracy, see Kelleher, The alliance of pirates, pp 8‒12. For the 1538 incident between the O'Driscolls and the citizens of Waterford, see O'Donovan (ed. and trans.), ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’, pp 94‒6; narrative of the treachery of Finnin O'Driscol, Apr. 1538 (T.N.A., S.P. 60/6, f. 114).
79 Kelleher, The alliance of pirates, pp 30‒44; Barnby, ‘The sack of Baltimore’, p. 105.
80 The original chancery bill is missing, presumably destroyed in 1922. However, other documents from the case survive (albeit in fragmentary form): N.A.I., Chancery pleadings, MS C.P. Q 3, MS C.P. S 28, and MS C.P. Y 20. The arbitration of the case was also described by Walter Arthur Coppinger in History of the Copingers, pp 46‒8. Copinger's narrative preserves portions of evidence now lost; however, his interpretation of the evidence tends to be strongly biased in favour of his own ancestors (particularly Walter).
81 Coppinger, History of the Copingers, pp 46‒8. Coppinger's testimony can be found in N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. Q3. Donnchadh's testimony is in N.A.I., chancery pleadings, MS C.P. S 28.
82 Coppinger, History of the Copingers, p. 47.
83 ‘Inquisition Post Mortem for Donogh McFynin O'Driscoll, taken at King's Old Castle, Cork on 12/04/1631’ (R.I.A., OS EI/23/105), available at the Virtual Record Treasury of Ireland, (https://www.virtualtreasury.ie/item?isadgReferenceCode=RIA%20OS%20EI%2F23%2F105) (26 Jan. 2023); Coppinger, History of the Copingers, pp 46‒8; Ó Murchadha, Family names of County Cork, p. 183.
84 Tadhg mac Diarmada Oig Ó Dálaigh, ‘Tarraid tuiseal lir Luigheach’, stanza 7, translated in O'Donovan (ed. and trans.), ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’, pp 340‒51. A further description and full transcription of the original can be found in Katharine Simms's Bardic Poetry Database (https://bardic.celt.dias.ie/).
85 Barnby, ‘The sack of Baltimore’, pp 114–21; Kelleher, An alliance of pirates, pp 267–72.
86 O'Donovan (ed. and trans.), ‘Genealogy of Corca Laidhe’, pp 136‒40.
87 For a particularly descriptive account of O'Driscoll rebellion, see deposition of Richard White, 13 Oct. 1642 (T.C.D., 1641 depositions, MS 825, ff 017r‒017v), available at 1641 Depositions, (http://1641.tcd.ie/index.php/deposition/?depID=825017r015) (8 Aug. 2022).
88 Farrell, ‘Mere Irish’, p. 284.
89 Simms, ‘The restoration, 1660‒85’, p. 427.