Treaties — Operatlon and enforcement of — Individual rights and claims under — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 Rights and claims of individuals arising directly under — The law of Gerll1any.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 (Article 5) — Detention pending extradition — Claim to compensation for unreasonable detention — Criteria of “reasonableness” — Gravity of crime and punishment expected — German legislation giving effect to Human Rights Convention — The law of Germany.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Migration — Indian Constitution, Article 6 — Whether intention to reside permanently necessary — The law of India.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation — Loss of nationality — Competence to determine nationality — Whether within jurisdiction of courts — Whether within jurisdiction of courts to determine whether person citizen or foreigner — The law of India.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Migration — Proof of — The law of India.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation — Loss of nationality — Proof of — The law of India.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation — Loss of nationality — Proof of — Whether Indian citizen may be deported as a foreigner without proceedings to determine loss of citizenship — The law of India.

States as international persons — Continuity of States — Effect of Anschluss of Austria with Germany — Restoration of State of Austria — Effect on nationality — The law of Germany.

The individual in international law — Nationality — As affected by change of sovereignty — Anschluss of Austria with Germany Denationalization for racial reasons — Application to foreign nationals of provisions remedying illegal denationalization — Continuity of Austria — The law of Germany.

Denationalization — For racial reasons — Whether provisions remedying it can be applied to foreign nationals — Austrians who acquired German nationality as result of Anschluss — The law of Germany.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Proof of — The law of India.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Proof of — Migration — Registration — Requirements for — The law of India.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Option — Whether option for residence in Pakistan constituted ‘migration’ barring acquisition of Indian citizenship at commencement of Constitution — Registration — Conditions for acquiring citizenship by — The law of India.

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of receiving State — Privileged residents in France — Right to exercise chosen occupation after fulfilling residence requirement — Whether choice limited by legislation restricting certain occupations to nationals — Franco — Swiss Treaty of Establishment, 1882 — Whether conferring national treatment — Whether reference to interpretation by Minister for Foreign Affairs necessary — The law of France.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — Interpretation by reference to history of origin — Interpretation in accordance with domestic law of one contracting party — The law of Germany.

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Plea of non-discrimination — Right to equality before the law — Whether guaranteed to aliens by Austrian Constitution — Whether guaranteed by European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 (Article 14) — The law of Austria.

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Effect on family life — Right to family life as fundamental right — European Convention on Human Rights (Article 8) — Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany (Article 6) — The law of Germany.

The individual in international law — Extradition — Extraditable crimes — Fiscal offences — Determined by reference to law of requesting State — The law of Germany.

The individual in international law — Extradition — Procedure of — Whether treaty provisions limit discretion of authorities to take protective measures — Provisional arrest before request received — Reciprocity — The law of Germany.

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Consuls — Privileges and immunities of — Functional basis of consular privileges and immunities — Jurisdictional immunity of foreign States — Whether including consul sued in official capacity — Renunciation of jurisdictional immunity — Whether restrictive interpretation appropriate — The law of France.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Publication — French Constitution, 1946 (Articles 26–28) — Requirement of publication of international conventions as condition for application by French courts — Publication in Journal Officiel or other publication specified by law — Franco-Italian Cinematographic Agreement, 1949 — Whether publication in journals issued by French Centre national de la Cinématographie sufficient in law — The law of France.

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — State practice — Conditions for creation of rule of customary international law.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect on third parties Interpretation of bilateral agreement — Treaties on similar subject between parties and third States — Whether evidence of intention of parties.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Parties Subsequent practice — Probative value.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Bilingual treaties (English-Italian) — Meaning of words in both languages — “And” and “or” — “E” and “o” — Whether cumulative or alternative sense.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — Agreement modelled on earlier agreement between one of parties and third State — Whether earlier agreement constitutes preparatory work for later — Whether relevant to interpretation of intention of parties and objective of later agreement.

Treaties — Special Kinds of — Air transport agreements — Agreement between Italy and United States, 1948 — Interpretation of — Whether all-cargo flights covered.

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — Treaties — Principles and rules of interpretation.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement of — Warsaw Convention, 1929 — Hague Protocol, 1955 — Article 11 of Protocol amending Article 22 of Warsaw Convention and raising limit of liability of air carriers — Whether applicable to accident in course of carriage between France and Senegal prior to entry into force — Whether Senegal party to Hague Protocol — Whether ratification by France prior to Independence of Senegal extended application to Senegal in absence of contrary declaration or denunciation — Article 25 — Whether Protocol applicable to all contracts in force at date of entry into force — The law of France.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement of — Necessity for municipal legislation — North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 — Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — Protocol of Accession of Federal Republic of Germany, 1954 — Refusal by mayor of French commune to permit passage or stationing of German forces — Decision quashed by Prefect of Department — Whether within jurisdiction of administrative courts — The law of France.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Natural and ordinary meaning of text — Meaning of “and” and “or” — Whether cumulative or alternative — Interpretation contra projerentem — Interpretation in manner least restrictive of State sovereignty — Context — Objective of agreement — Intentions of parties — Displacement of natural and ordinary meaning — i — Evidence for Use of words in other sections of same agreement — Inconsistency with other provisions — Bilateral agreement with third party as model — s — Whether constituting “preparatory work” — Relevance of intention of one party — Whether other party aware of that intention could rely on its own divergent interpretation — Whether it must make known divergent interpretation and require clarification of text — Restrictive interpretation — Whether conflicting with context and aim of agreement — Subsequent conduct of parties — Whether decisive — Whether evidence of objective of agreement and intentions of parties — Degree of continuity required — Agreements between parties and third States — Whether evidence of their intentions in regard to each other.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — International organizations — The United Nations — Basis and nature of immunity — Whether general and unconditional — Charter, Article 105 — Convention on Privileges and Immunities, 1946 — Wrongful acts of soldiers of U.N. Force in the Congo — The law of Belgium.

The individual in international law — Position of — Human rights and freedoms — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Right of access to impartial and independent tribunal — Rights of individual against United Nations — Whether immunity from jurisdiction conditional on creation of courts for settlement of private disputes — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 (Section 29) — Legal effect of Universal Declaration — Whether European Convention binding on United Nations — The law of Belgium.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Anglo-Swedish Double Taxation Agreement, 1949 — Treaty incorporated into municipal law — Whether to be interpreted as municipal statute — “Industrial or commercial profit” — Meaning of — The law of Southern Rhodesia.

Jurisdiction — Personal — Over property of nationals situated abroad — Power of State to waive by treaty claims of its nationals situated abroad — The law of Germany.

The individual in international law — Nationality — In general — Effect of State's conduct towards national on its rights against him — The law of Germany.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Extensive interpretation in view of objects of treaty — Interpretation by reference to other treaties — Grammatical interpretation — Treaty of Peace with Hungary, 1949 — The law of Germany.

Disputes — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Treaty of Rome, 1957 (Article 177) — Competence of Court to give preliminary rulings — Obligation of domestic courts to refer issues — French Conseil d'Etat — When obliged to seise European Court of Justice of questions raised in court proceedings — The law of France.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Peace treaties — Peace Treaty with Hungary, 1947 — Waiver of claims by Hungary against Germany — Waiver on behalf of Hungarian nationals — Effect on claims by shareholders of Hungarian company to credit with German bank — Waiver in favour of third party — Incorporation of waiver into domestic law of third party — The law of Germany.

International organization — The United Nations — Legal capacity of — Whether a sovereign power — Right to appear in legal proceedings — Immunity from jurisdiction — Basis of immunity — United Nations Charter (Articles 104 and 105) — Convention on Privileges and Immunities, 1946 (Section 2) — Whether immunity thereunder limited by Article 105 — Whether United Nations enjoys only such immunities as are necessary for fulfilment of its purposes — Wrongful acts of soldiers of U.N. Force in Congo — Effect of Section 29 of Convention — Creation by United Nations of courts for settlement of private disputes — Whether failure to create such courts a breach of Article 10 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, and Article 6 of European Convention for Protection of Human Rights, 1950 — Whether immunity of United Nations conditional on creation of courts — Rights of individual against United Nations — Legal effect of Universal Declaration — Whether European Convention binding on United Nations — The law of Belgium.

International organization and administration — European Economic Community — Treaty of Rome, 1957 (Article 37) — State trading monopolies and analogous schemes — French import licensing system for petroleum products — Regulations regarding distribution and service stations — Whether in conformity with Treaty of Rome — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Competence to give preliminary ruling — Obligation of domestic courts to refer issues to European Court of Justice (Article 177) — When applicable — The law of France.