Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Admissibility — Costs — Assessment of evidence — Scientific evidence

Environment — Principles of customary international environmental law — Relevance to interpretation and application of treaty on use of river waters — Effect of hydro-electric plant on downstream use of river waters

Rivers — Legal regulation — Indus Waters Treaty, 1960 — Hydro-electric plant — Whether State constructing plant entitled to divert waters from one tributary of river to another — Whether such diversion necessary — Limits on right of diversion — Duty to preserve minimum flow for benefit of downstream use by other State

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Object and purpose of treaty — Need to interpret provisions of the treaty in mutually reinforcing fashion — Relevance of contemporary customary international law to interpretation of 1960 treaty — Environmental law — Application — Duty to apply treaty in good faith

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — UNCLOS Articles 286, 287 and 288 — Earlier determination of prima facie jurisdiction in context of provisional measures without prejudice to decision proper on jurisdiction — UNCLOS Article 300 — Doctrine of good faith and the abuse of rights in international law — Capacity of provision to provide an independent basis for claim — New or additional claims must not fundamentally change the nature of the proceeding or must be implicit in the original claim

Sea — Law of the sea — Flag State and nationality of vessels — Vessel cannot be given nationality of another vessel’s flag State as a tender of the latter ship where it conducts operations independently of that ship

Human rights — Freedom of thought, conscience and religion — Scope — Broadening of scope to include right of conscientious objection — Article 18 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

Human rights — Admissibility of authors’ communication to Human Rights Committee — Consideration of merits — Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion — Assessment of claim of conscientious objection to military service — Whether within ambit of Article 18 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Whether restriction on authors permitted under Article 18(3) of Covenant — Whether necessary — Whether State Party violating its obligations under Article 18(1) of Covenant — Effective remedy

Human rights — Admissibility of authors’ communication to Human Rights Committee — Consideration of merits — Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion — Right to conscientious objection to military service — Whether inherent to right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion — Fundamental character of freedoms enshrined in Article 18(1) of Covenant — Civilian alternative to compulsory military service — Whether State Party could compel conscientious objector to undertake alternative civilian service — Nature of alternative service — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 18 — Whether State Party violating its obligations under Article 18(1) of Covenant — Effective remedy

Human rights — Admissibility of authors’ communication to Human Rights Committee — Consideration of merits — Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion — Right to conscientious objection to military service — Whether inherent to right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion — Fundamental character of freedoms enshrined in Article 18(1) of Covenant — Civilian alternative to compulsory military service — Whether State Party could compel conscientious objector to undertake alternative civilian service — Nature of alternative service — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 18 — Whether State Party violating its obligations under Article 18(1) of Covenant — Effective remedy

Human rights — Admissibility of authors’ communication to Human Rights Committee — Consideration of merits — Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion — Right to conscientious objection to military service — Whether inherent to right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion — Fundamental character of freedoms enshrined in Article 18(1) of Covenant — Civilian alternative to compulsory military service — Whether State Party could compel conscientious objector to undertake alternative civilian service — Nature of alternative service — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 18 — Whether State Party violating its obligations under Article 18(1) of Covenant — Effective remedy

Extradition — Extradition process — Judicial phase — Misconduct by requesting State — Respondent suffering human rights violations — Whether continuation of extradition proceedings constituting abuse of judicial process — Scope of judicial role — Whether extradition judge having jurisdiction to grant a stay — Whether case warranting a stay

Terrorism — Requesting State seeking extradition of respondent on terrorism charges — Misconduct by requesting State — Respondent suffering human rights violations — Societal interest in bringing alleged terrorists to justice — Democracy and rule of law — Whether prevailing despite threat from terrorism — The law of Canada

War and armed conflict — Non-international armed conflict — Terrorism — Combatant status — Targets — Air strike from unmanned drone — Conflicts in Afghanistan and Pakistan border region — Whether separate conflicts — Status of conflict — “War on terror” — Whether Central Intelligence Agency officers controlling drone combatants — Whether persons attacked by drone combatants or civilians — Necessity and proportionality

Jurisdiction — Universal jurisdiction — Passive personality principle — German national killed by United States drone strike in Pakistan — Whether killing within jurisdiction of German authorities — The law of Germany