No CrossRef data available.
Design and analysis of circular microstrip patch probe array for precise specific absorption rate measurement at quad-band
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 February 2022
Abstract
This paper distinguishes the design and analysis of 3 × 2 circular microstrip patch probe array for specific absorption rate (SAR) measurement at quad-band. This novel approach consists of FR4 substrate radial dimension of 88 mm and it has six circular array elements with a radius of 17 mm; out of these six elements, three array elements are having rectangular slots with dimensions of 1.8 × 1.5 × 1.5 mm3. The array elements are coupled with six probes which have a dimension of 100 mm with a 2.5 mm tip radius; these six probes are embedded into a tissue-equivalent liquid-filled human head mannequin. In this mannequin, instantaneous SAR at any six positions has been investigated. The proposed design resonates at 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, and 2.5 GHz with a return loss of −11.53, −15.90, −15.73, and −25.49 dB. The circular microstrip probe array is fed by a 50 Ohm coaxial feed. In addition, the 3D human head model analysis is also presented. The precisely estimated SAR values are 0.135, 0.108, 0.167, and 0.244 W/kg at 1 g of tissue. For the traceable measurements, each source of uncertainty budget has been estimated.
- Type
- Antenna Design, Modelling and Measurements
- Information
- International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 15 , Special Issue 1: EuCAP 2021 Special Issue , February 2023 , pp. 120 - 128
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with the European Microwave Association
References
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (2020) Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Physics 118, 483–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, V (2003) Comparison of peak SAR levels in concentric sphere head models of children and adults for irradiation by a dipole at 900 MHz. Physics in Medicine and Biologyl 48, 3263–3275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Burdalo, M, Martin, AA, Anguiano, M and Villar, R (2004) Comparison of FDTD-calculated specific absorption rate in adults and children when using a mobile phone at 900 and 1800 MHz. Physics in Medicine and Biology 49, 345–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandhi, OP and Kang, G (2002) Some present problems and a proposed experimental phantom for SAR compliance testing of cellular telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. In Parodi, K and Baffa, O (eds), Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 47. London, UK: Inst. Phys, pp. 1501–1518.Google Scholar
Mochizuki, S, Watanabe, S, Taki, M, Yamanaka, Y and Shirai, H (2004) Size of head phantoms for standard measurements of SAR due to wireless communication devices. Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I) 87, 82–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J and Fujiwara, O (2003) Comparison and evaluated of electromagnetic absorption characteristics in realistic children for 900-MHz mobile telephones. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 51, 966–971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, OP, Lazzi, G and Furse, CM (1996) Electromagnetic absorption in the human head and neck for mobile telephones at 850 and 1900 MHz. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 44, 1884–1897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoenborn, F, Burhardt, M and Kuster, N (1998) Difference in energy absorption between heads of adults and children in the near field of sources. Health Physics 74, 160–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadjem, A, Lautru, D, Dale, C, Wong, MF, Fouad-Hanna, V and Wiart, J (2004) Comparison of specific absorption rate (SAR) induced in child-sized and adult heads using a dual-band mobile phone. In IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IEEE C95.1-2005 (2005) IEEE standards for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. New York, NY.Google Scholar
IEEE Standard for Safety with Respect to Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (1999) 3 kHz to 300 GHz, IEEE standard C95.Google Scholar
Bernardi, P and Pisa, S (1998) Specific absorption rate and temperature increases in the head of cellular-phone user. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 48, 1118–1126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swadi, HL and Abduljabar, AA (2020) Modelling of mobile electromagnetics wave effects on the human head. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamal, R, Singh, RK and Singh, E (2020) Interaction of electromagnetic fields (100 kHz–300 GHz) exposure with respect to human body model and methods for SAR measurement. In Harvey, D, Kar, H, Verma, S and Bhadauria, V (eds), Advances in VLSI, Communication, and Signal Processing. Singapore: Springer, pp. 279–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balanis, CA (2007) Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 3rd Edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Garg, R, Bhartia, P, Bahl, I and Ittipiboon, A (2001) Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Boston: Artech House.Google Scholar
Wessapan, T, Srisawatdhisukul, S and Rattanadecho, P (2012) Specific absorption rate and temperature distributions in human head subjected to mobile phone radiation at different frequencies. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55, 347–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessapan, T, Srisawatdhisukul, S and Rattanadecho, P (2011) Numerical analysis of specific absorption rate and heat transfer in the human body exposed to leakage electromagnetic field at 915 MHz and 2450 MHz. ASME Journal Heat Transfer 133, 051101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiegel, RJ (1984) A review of numerical models for predicting the energy deposition and resultant thermal response of humans exposed to electromagnetic fields. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 32, 730–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, W and Zhang, J (2005) Modeling and numerical simulation of bioheat transfer and biomechanics in soft tissue. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 41, 1251–1265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bownds, DJ, Gregory, AP, Revillod, G, Cox, MG and Allal, D (2020) Calibration of reference antennas for vector measurements of SAR, NPL, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IEC/IEEE Measurement procedure for the assessment of specific absorption rate of human exposure to radiofrequency fields from hand-held and body-worn wireless communication devices – Part 1528 (2020) Human models, instrumentation and procedures (frequency range of 4 MHz to 10 GHz)-2020.Google Scholar
NIST Reference on Expressing Measurement Uncertainty. Available at http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Uncertainty/index.html.Google Scholar
Gregory, AP, Quéléver, K, Allal, D and Jawad, O (2020) Validation of a broadband tissue-equivalent liquid for SAR measurement and monitoring of its dielectric properties for use in a sealed phantom. Sensors 20, 2956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soh, PJ, Vandenbosch, G, Wee, FH, van den Bosch, A, Martinez-Vazquez, M and Schreurs, D (2015) Specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation of textile antennas. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 57, 229–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chowdhury, T, Farhin, R, Hassan, RR, Bhuiyan, MS and Raihan, R (2017) Design of a patch antenna operating at ISM band for brain tumor detection. In 2017 4th International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE) IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesar, MS, Chakma, N, Muktadir, MA and Biswas, A (2018) Design of a miniaturized slotted T-shaped microstrip patch antenna to detect and localize brain tumor. In 2018 International Conference on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology (ICISET) IEEE.Google Scholar
Uddin, MN, Hasan, RR, Rahman, MA, Nath, SK and Sarkar, P (2019) Bio-implantable antenna at human head model. In 2019 International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST) IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar