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ORPHANED DAUGHTERS: ON THE SO-CALLED PROPERTY RIGHTS OF DAUGHTERS IN THE SOUTHERN SONG PERIOD
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2015
Abstract
A longstanding and contentious issue in Chinese legal history is whether women had the legal right to inherit and own property. During the Southern Song in particular, certain historical and legal sources have been interpreted by scholars in such a way as to propose that they did, at least to a limited extent, as reflected, for example, in the “daughter's half-share law” (nüzi fenfa 女子分法), which stipulated that a daughter would receive half a son's portion upon the death of both parents. The current study, through an examination of documentary sources on the inheritance rights of daughters, clarifies the historical circumstances surrounding the phenomenon, and concludes that no fundamental legal right to inherit and own property such as that enjoyed by men was intended. Rather, laws specifying the inheritance rights of women were the result of legislative measures for the protection of orphaned daughters, out of a concern to ensure that they would not be deprived of property that they would have received (for example, as dowry) had their parents not died. The Song's uniqueness lay not in the elevation of women's property rights, but rather in the implementation of explicit policies for the social good. That similar laws were not continued in the Ming and Qing did not in itself mean that the principle of protecting orphaned daughters had been abandoned, but rather that this principle would be applied through the discretionary powers of magistrates, as records of actual legal judgments demonstrate.
Keywords
- Type
- Law, State and Society in China [9]
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015
References
REFERENCES
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Chūgoku nōson kankō chōsa kankōkai 1952 Chūgoku nōson kankō chōsa kankōkai 中国農村慣行調査刊行会, ed. Chūgoku nōson kankō chōsa 中国農村慣行調査 [Survey of customs in Chinese agricultural villages], vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1952, rpt. 1981.Google Scholar
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Niida 1962a Niida Noboru 仁井田 陞. “Sōdai no kazokuhō ni okeru joshi no chii” 宋代の家族法における女子の地位 [The position of female children within the family law of the Song dynasty], originally published in 1952 and later included in the third volume of Niida's Chūgoku hōseishi kenkyū 中國法制史研究 [A study of Chinese legal history]: Dorei nōdohō kazoku sonrakuhō 奴隷農奴法・家族村落法 [Law of slave and serf, and law of family and village]. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1962.Google Scholar
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Niida 1942 Niida Noboru 仁井田 陞. Shina mibunhōshi 支那身分法史 [History of Chinese status law]. Tokyo: Zauhō Kankōkai, 1942.Google Scholar
Niida 1933 Niida Noboru 仁井田 陞. Tōrei shūi 唐令拾遺 [Gleanings from Tang legal codes]. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1933, rpt. 1964.Google Scholar
Ōsawa 1998 Ōsawa Masaaki 大澤 正昭. “Nansō no saiban to joshi zaisanken” 南宋と裁判と女子財産権 [Trials in the Southern Song and women's property rights]. Rekishigaku kenkyū 歴史学研究 717 (1998), pp. 14–23.Google Scholar
Sadate 1999 Sadate Haruhito 佐立 治人. “Tō korei ōbunjō no fukugen jōbun ni taisuru gimon: Nansō no joshi bunpō o meguru giron to no kanren de” 唐戸令応分条の復元条文に対する疑問 : 南宋の女子分法をめぐる議論との関連で [A question about a restored provision of the Women's Right of Inheritance in the Code of Tang Dynasty]. Kyōto gakuen hōgaku 京都学園法学 [Kyotogakuen Law Review] 29 (1999), pp. 32–58.Google Scholar
Shiga 1967 Shiga Shūzō 滋賀 秀三. Chūgoku kazokuhō no genri 中国家族法の原理 [The fundamental principles of Chinese family law]. Tokyo: Sōbunsha, 1967.Google Scholar
Shiga 1953–55 Shiga Shūzō 滋賀 秀三. “Chūgoku kazokuhō hokō: Niida Noboru Hakase ‘Sōdai no kazokuhō ni okeru joshi no chii’ o yomite” 中国家族法補考———仁井田陞博士「宋代の家族法における女子の地位」を読みて [Additional considerations of Chinese family law: on reading Dr. Niida Noboru's ‘The position of female children within the family law of the Song dynasty’], published in four parts in Kokka gakkai zasshi 国家学会雑誌 [The Journal of the Association of Political and Social Sciences] 67:5/6, 67:9/10, 67:11/12, 68:7/8 (1953–55).Google Scholar
Shiga 1950 Shiga Shūzō 滋賀 秀三. Chūgoku kazokuhō ron 中国家族法論 [A discussion of Chinese family law]. Tokyo: Kōbundō, 1950.Google Scholar
Shimasue 1993 Shimasue Kazuyasu 島居 一康. Sōdai zeiseishi kenkyū 宋代税政史研究 [A study of the tax policy of the Song Dynasty]. Tokyo: Kyūko Shoin, 1993.Google Scholar
Shinno 1990 Shinno Reiko 秦 玲子. “Chūgoku zenkindai joseishi kenkyū no tame no oboegaki” 中国前近代女性史研究のための覚え書 [A memorandum for research into premodern Chinese women's history]. Chūgoku joseishi kenkyū 中国女性史研究 [The Journal of Historical Studies on Chinese Women] 2 (1990), pp. 2–15.Google Scholar
Takahashi 2002 Takahashi Yoshirō 高橋 芳郎. “Oya o nakushita musume tachi: Nansōki no iwayuru joshi zaisanken ni tsuite” 親を亡くした女たち———南宋期のいわゆる女子財産権について [Orphaned daughters: on the so-called property rights of female children in the Southern Song period]. In Takahashi Yoshirō, Sōdai Chūgoku no hōsei to shakai 宋代中国の法制と社会 [Chinese legal systems and society in the Song Dynasty], Chapter 9, pp. 249–83. Tokyo: Kyūko Shoin, 2002.Google Scholar
Takahashi 1995 Takahashi Yoshirō 高橋 芳郎. “Oya o nakushita musume tachi: Nansōki no iwayuru joshi zaisanken nitsuite” 親を亡くした女たち———南宋期のいわゆる女子財産権について [Orphaned daughters: on the so-called property rights of female children in the Southern Song period]. Tōhoku Daigaku Tōyōshi ronshū 東北大学東洋史論集 6 (1995).Google Scholar
Wei 1988 Wei Tian'an 魏天安. “Songdai hujue tiaoguan kao” 宋代戶絶條貫考 [A consideration of procedures covering household extinction in the Song Dynasty]. Zhongguo jingjishi yanjiu 中國經濟史研究 [Research in Chinese economic history] (March 1988).Google Scholar
Yanagida 1996 Yanagida Setsuko 柳田 節子. Evaluation of Takahashi 1995. Hōseishi kenkyū 46 (1996), pp. 273–75.Google Scholar
Yanagida 1995a Yanagida Setsuko 柳田 節子. “Nansōki kasan bunkatsu ni okeru joshōbun nitsuite” 南宋期家産分割における女承分について [On women's inheritance in divisions of family property during the Southern Song period], originally published 1989. In Yanagida, Sō Gen shakai keizaishi kenkyū 宋元社会経済史研究 [Research in Song and Yuan social and economic history]. Tokyo: Sōbunsha, 1995.Google Scholar
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